625 research outputs found
Edible Oil Deficit and Its Impact on Food Expenditure in Pakistan
This study is an attempt to analyze the impact of Edible Oil Deficit on Food Expenditure in Pakistan for the period 1971-2008. Edible oil deficit is one of the major concerns for the policy makers in Pakistan. Despite of having agriculture based economy; Pakistan is unable to fulfil her domestic demand of edible oil by local production. This situation forces the government to import edible oil and oil seeds from other countries. This import not only increases our balance of payment deficit but also it negatively affects the ability to finance the external debt repayments. Autoregressive Distributed Lag model has been used to analyse the long run relationship amongst the variables. Other important determinants of food expenditure along with edible oil deficit were also used to check for their collective long run impact. It was found that long run negative relationship exists between edible oil deficit and food expenditure and hence the result derives the policy implication that there is a need to boost up the efforts in the agriculture sector to steadily increase the local production of oil seeds in the country. The relationship between the per capita GDP and food expenditure is found to be positive and significant with elasticity of 0.261 suggesting that 1 percent increase in per capita GDP will cause food expenditure to increase by 0.26 percent. The relationship between food subsidy and food expenditure is found to be insignificant suggesting that due to improper targeting and consumerâs perception about quality and accessibility of subsidized food, Governmentâs food support programs are not effective.Edible Oil; Production; Imports; Trade Deficit; Balance of Payments; International Trade; Oilseed Crops; Agriculture; Pakistan; Edible oil deficit; demand function; food; inflation; food inflation; household expenditure.
Causal Relationship Between Exports and Agricultural GDP in Pakistan
This paper is an attempt to investigate the causal relationships among agriculture and exports in Pakistan by using time series data for the period between 1971 and 2007. There are several efforts reflecting greater interest in exploring the possible relation between the international trade and economic growth. Increasing of Gross Domestic Product is the main target of almost every economy. Promoting exports of the country is one of the ways of achieving economic growth. Pakistan is among the developing countries, emphasizing to boost its exports since its inception. The major share of Pakistanâs export has strong backward linkages with the agricultural sector both in terms of primary and value added commodities. The findings have significant implications on Pakistanâs economic policy as both the variables have shown strong long-run relationship. There is also a bi-directional Granger-causality between the total exports and agricultural GDP. However, for short-run, both the variable does not cause each other in either direction.Causality, Growth, Gross Domestic Product, Agriculture, Exports, Pakistan
Developing pedagogical content knowledge of science teachers through action research: A case study from Pakistan
The aim of this study is to analyze the action research undertaken by Khan as a teacher researcher in a private school as part of the degree requirement of his M.Ed. program in Teacher Education at the Aga Khan University, Institute for Educational Development. The purpose of this analysis undertaken by the first author and supervisor of the study in collaboration with Khan was to understand the development of Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) of the teacher researcher through action research in a science classroom in the context of Pakistan. Khan taught the concepts of heat and temperature using an inquiry based pedagogy to grade 9 physics class and also examined his own practice of this innovation using action research. Using Carlsenâs concept of PCK as the lens for analysis of the research report written by Khan the first author finds that transforming his understanding of the topic to teach with the indicated instructional strategy required him to transform his own understanding of science content. The findings also indicate that the requirement of cumulative testing wa
Edible Oil Deficit and Its Impact on Food Expenditure in Pakistan
Pakistan, a developing country, is the sixth most populous in
the world [U. S. Census (2008)], whose demand is rising due to steady
economic growth. Agriculture contributes 23 percent of the GDP, 42
percent of the total work force is employed to the agriculture sector
and also contributes substantially to Pakistanâs export earnings [Alam
(2008)]. Agriculture Commodities and Textiles Products accounts for 62.6
percent of Pakistan's total exports [Memon (2008)]. Pakistan is the
ninth largest producer of wheat, 12th largest producer of rice, 5th
largest producer of sugarcane and 4rth largest producer of cotton among
the top producers in the world as per statistics of FY05 [Memon, et al.
(2008)]. Despite overwhelmingly an agrarian economy, Pakistan is unable
to produce edible oil sufficient for domestic requirements. Edible oil
is considered a necessity in Pakistan and hence its demand is relatively
inelastic. There are many reasons behind this shortcoming, for example,
lack of awareness of farmers, ignorance of policy makers regarding
oilseed crops, technological deficiency in oilseed production and
smuggling to neighbouring countries (Afghanistan in particular). The
major crop responsible for 57 percent of edible oil production is cotton
seed which is primarily a fiber crop. Indigenous production of edible
oil is below the consumption levels with a very wide gap between the
production and consumption. This gap is bridged through import of edible
oil worth more than Rs 45.0 billion1 annually. Presently the oilseed
production only meet about 30 percent2 of the domestic requirements and
the rest is covered with imports. The high dependency on imports not
only exerts the pressure on balance of payment but also develops a close
linkage between international price shocks and edible oil price in
Pakistan which is ultimately reflected in food expenditure. The common
Pakistani food includes a significant quantity of edible oil which is
the reason behind high consumption growth rates
Human Capital and Economic Growth: The Role of Governance
Economists agree that human capital is an important
determinant of economic growth [Arrow (1962); Aghion and Howitt (1992)].
Human capital-led growth generally concludes the positive impact of the
two with the help of existing developed theories and empirical
evidences. Nonetheless, the standard empirical result of a direct
relationship between human capital (however measured) and economic
growth, has been criticised on several fronts. First, the impact of
other growth-related factors like quality of education, health of the
labour force, inflation, corruption, unemployment, rule of law, etc.
should not be ignored. These endogenous characteristics of a country are
included in Beckerâs (1993) definition of human capital. In addition, as
noted by Abramovitz (1986), social capabilities are important in the
adoption and diffusion of technologies but countries differ in social
capabilities. Therefore, to the extent to which human capital
contributes to economic growth through innovation, its effect is
conditioned by the countryâs social capabilities which include factors
like quality of institutions and governance
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