The Evolution of National Spatial Data Infrastructure in Pakistan - Implementation Challenges and the Way Forward

Geospatial data are produced by several organizations located at various places, and that is clearly a distributed environment. Many technical and institutional issues need to be resolved to share data in such an environment and to eventually enable regional development. For this matter, many countries implement Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDIs) for the last 40 years. Since 2010, also Pakistan is striving to implement an SDI at the national level (NSDI). However, so far, the promised benefits have not yet been achieved. This study explores the evolution of the NSDI in Pakistan from 2010 till 2020 to reveal what kind of challenges the country is facing. Given the importance of stakeholders' support for the implementation of SDIs, we conducted a stakeholder analysis and a dedicated survey. We adopted the power-interest grid method to classify stakeholders' interests based on their authority to influence the NSDI development. Among other, the results show that stakeholders’ low participation due to insufficient technological, financial, and human resources impedes NSDI implementation efforts in the country

Valores propios de la matriz de truncamiento asociados al operador de transición de la máquina sumadora en la base 2

In this work we build the stochastic adding machine in base 2 considering the truncation matrix Sn associated to the operator S and we study the eigenvalues of the matrix Sn acting in l∞(N).En este trabajo construimos la máquina sumadora estocástica en la base 2 considerando la matriz de truncamiento Sn asociada al operador S y estudiamos los valores propios de la matriz Sn actuando en l∞(N)

Gender Poverty Occupational Choice and Economic Growth Nexus in Poor and Non-Poor Households: An Empirical Analysis

Our research is based on Gender Poverty and Occupational Choice in Poor and Non- Poor Household and the analysis is based upon the Household Survey of Pakistan. Poverty and Occupational choice has much importance in whole world especially in UDC’s it is most important issue. The connection between Gender Poverty and Occupational Choices and economic growth has been extensively validated. The research relevant to this study is incomplete because the poverty and occupational choice is an international issue for all economies of the world. In this study we use Time Series data from that time period 1973 to 2014 and this data shows the impact of poverty and occupational choice on economic growth. This data is collected from SBP (State Bank of Pakistan). In this study researcher has used IV(Investment) as dependent variable and others like RGDP(Real Gross Domestic Product), GFCF(Gross Fixed Capital Formation),  EDUEX (Education Expenditure), NNS(Net National Saving), POP(Population) CPI(Consumer Price Index) and POV(Poverty) are used as independent variables. In this study ARDL Technique is implied along with ADF Unit Root Test. Moreover, stationary is also checked by different coefficient of variables. Different tests are used to check the stationarirty of different variables, and stationary use for forecasting of variables. Stationary is also applied to achieve the objectives of our research. Our object is to enhance the intellectual’s living standard by giving good job opportunities as well as basic facilities to poor households to reduce poverty level in Pakistan.  The Time Series Data technique is applied to inspect this research. The different variables show the association with poverty, therefore, this study highlights the development in saving, investment and in livestock subdivision of Pakistan which will be helpful to reduce the poverty level and will be the cause of increasing source of the income

Gender Poverty Occupational Choice and Economic Growth Nexus in Poor and Non-Poor Households: An Empirical Analysis

Our research is based on Gender Poverty and Occupational Choice in Poor and Non- Poor Household and the analysis is based upon the Household Survey of Pakistan. Poverty and Occupational choice has much importance in whole world especially in UDC’s it is most important issue. The connection between Gender Poverty and Occupational Choices and economic growth has been extensively validated. The research relevant to this study is incomplete because the poverty and occupational choice is an international issue for all economies of the world. In this study we use Time Series data from that time period 1973 to 2014 and this data shows the impact of poverty and occupational choice on economic growth. This data is collected from SBP (State Bank of Pakistan). In this study researcher has used IV(Investment) as dependent variable and others like RGDP(Real Gross Domestic Product), GFCF(Gross Fixed Capital Formation),  EDUEX (Education Expenditure), NNS(Net National Saving), POP(Population) CPI(Consumer Price Index) and POV(Poverty) are used as independent variables. In this study ARDL Technique is implied along with ADF Unit Root Test. Moreover, stationary is also checked by different coefficient of variables. Different tests are used to check the stationarirty of different variables, and stationary use for forecasting of variables. Stationary is also applied to achieve the objectives of our research. Our object is to enhance the intellectual’s living standard by giving good job opportunities as well as basic facilities to poor households to reduce poverty level in Pakistan.  The Time Series Data technique is applied to inspect this research. The different variables show the association with poverty, therefore, this study highlights the development in saving, investment and in livestock subdivision of Pakistan which will be helpful to reduce the poverty level and will be the cause of increasing source of the income

Deep Learning Methods for Malware and Intrusion Detection: A Systematic Literature Review

Android and Windows are the predominant operating systems used in mobile environment and personal computers and it is expected that their use will rise during the next decade. Malware is one of the main threats faced by these platforms as well as Internet of Things (IoT) environment and the web. With time, these threats are becoming more and more sophisticated and detecting them using traditional machine learning techniques is a hard task. Several research studies have shown that deep learning methods achieve better accuracy comparatively and can learn to efficiently detect and classify new malware samples. In this paper, we present a systematic literature review of the recent studies that focused on intrusion and malware detection and their classification in various environments using deep learning techniques. We searched five well-known digital libraries and collected a total of 107 papers that were published in scholarly journals or preprints. We carefully read the selected literature and critically analyze it to find out which types of threats and what platform the researchers are targeting and how accurately the deep learning-based systems can detect new security threats. This survey will have a positive impact on the learning capabilities of beginners who are interested in starting their research in the area of malware detection using deep learning methods. From the detailed critical analysis, it is identified that CNN, LSTM, DBN, and autoencoders are the most frequently used deep learning methods that have effectively been used in various application scenarios

Seeds of Separation in the Subcontinent: Evaluating the Historical Roots of Pakistan and the Debate on Muslim Invasions

This paper discusses the historical background of the interlinked debate which considered the Muslim invasions of the Indian subcontinent as the key driver of Pakistan's establishment. The usual record of these conquests is perceived as the consequence of the zealous implementation of the principle of “spreading Islam and governing by the Islamic law." On the one hand, the research should be careful to take into account the intricate interplay between religion, the political realm, and the economics of the time. The paper covers all three of the primary reasons (wealth, trade route, and politics) mentioning the association of religion as the Muslims invasions happen. It studies the social and cultural transformation that set in after this period, such as the rise of Muslim Dynasties, formation of community-specific groups among the Muslims and establishment of Persian as administrative language. Secondly, the paper explores how these historical processes created the development of two independent institutional and social structures and developed hierarchies between Muslim and Hindu societies. The purpose of this essay is to give a detailed historical overview of South Asia. It puts into critical evaluation some of the historical threads in support of the objectivity outline how important it is to understand the past to be able to understand the situation in South Asia today. However, the historical legacy of the Muslim invasions is still perceived to be the true origins of the region's population, diversity of culture, and the sense of political complexity. The comprehension of the varied motives of which that constructs these historic incidents yields a better and more tolerant way of viewing the fast-evolving relationship between religion, ethnicity and nationhood in Pakistan and the Southern Asian region. Keywords: Muslim Invasions, Pakistan's Establishment, Political Realm, Nationhoo

Media and the Contemporary Islamic World: Challenges And Oppurnities

This article provides the overview of the complex connection between media and the contemporary Islamic society. It recognizes the pitfalls of the media messages conveyed, e.g. scandalous depiction of conflicts or religious feelings. On the other hand, it is also the media gives massive avenues for the education system, social sharing of the knowledge, social change, and interfaith dialogue. The dichotomy of digital age communication benefits and challenges are presented. Among them are media literacy education, the rules of media ethics, support for independent media, and a responsible approach to new technologies. Through acknowledging the obstacles and possibilities, however, the articles are suggesting that media can be seen as a winning weapon for social progression and a good understanding within the Islamic world being a driving force which communication facilitates. It is likely that a better future where communities are informed, engaged, and interact with each other will be realized. Keywords: Media, Islamic World, Digital Age, Interfaith Dialogue, Social Progressio

Indução, fortificação e primazia do inglês como meio de instrução na primária

Having influenced by the British linguistic superiority, English bequeathed to people of India. Consequently, it got into some of the elite class. Due to the frequent use of English in science and technology and military elites it ran into higher education first then it was considered as medium of instruction at school level too. The current study investigated into the perceptions of the primary school teachers about induction, fortification and primacy of the English language as a medium of instruction in Vehari district. The population of the study were all the primary school teachers of Vehari region while sample of the study selected from all the city schools as well as from surrounding villages. Now a days, English is one of the main and compulsory subjects in Pakistan and was declared as a medium of instruction at school level officially in 2009 and college levels. But teachers at most of the schools practice code-switching while teaching English in the classrooms. For the last five years, English medium of instruction is now in practice, so keeping all the reviewed in the literature ahead, the current study attempted to examine the teachers’ reflections about effects of English language as a medium of instruction at elementary level by surveying about the use of English language as medium of instruction at primary level. The earlier studies reviewed mostly about the implementation of English as a medium of instruction particularly regarding the hurdles and obstacles. As linguists working in language teaching in the classroom setting have meaningfully extended the scope of their research to redress the fundamental areas of classroom practices connected with teaching/learning of English as a medium of instruction. Moreover, the current study has significant suggestions for educational research for pointing out the loopholes and drawbacks in terms of English language implementation as instructional goal. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 21. The study concluded with some suggestions and pedagogical implication to the Policy makers, higher authorities and National accreditation for teacher education in Vehari and Pakistan.Habiendo influido por la superioridad lingüística británica, el inglés legó a la gente de la India. En consecuencia, entró en parte de la clase de élite. Debido al uso frecuente del inglés en la ciencia y la tecnología y en las élites militares, primero se introdujo en la educación superior y luego se consideró también como medio de instrucción en el nivel escolar. El estudio actual investigó las percepciones de los maestros de escuelas primarias sobre la inducción, el enriquecimiento y la primacía del idioma inglés como medio de instrucción en el distrito de Vehari. La población del estudio fueron todos los maestros de escuela primaria de la región de Vehari, mientras que la muestra del estudio se seleccionó de todas las escuelas de la ciudad, así como de las aldeas vecinas. Hoy en día, el inglés es una de las materias principales y obligatorias en Pakistán y se declaró oficialmente como un medio de instrucción en el nivel escolar en 2009 y en el nivel universitario. Pero los maestros en la mayoría de las escuelas practican el cambio de código mientras enseñan inglés en las aulas. Durante los últimos cinco años, el medio de instrucción en inglés está ahora en práctica, por lo que manteniendo todo lo revisado en la literatura a continuación, el estudio actual intentó examinar las reflexiones de los maestros sobre los efectos del idioma inglés como medio de instrucción a nivel elemental mediante una encuesta sobre el uso del idioma inglés como medio de instrucción en el nivel primario. Los estudios anteriores revisaron principalmente sobre la implementación del inglés como medio de instrucción, particularmente en relación con los obstáculos y obstáculos. A medida que los lingüistas que trabajan en la enseñanza de idiomas en el aula, han ampliado significativamente el alcance de su investigación para corregir las áreas fundamentales de las prácticas en el aula relacionadas con la enseñanza / aprendizaje del inglés como medio de instrucción. Además, el estudio actual tiene sugerencias importantes para la investigación educativa para señalar las lagunas e inconvenientes en términos de la implementación del idioma inglés como objetivo educativo. Los datos se analizaron utilizando la versión 21 de SPSS. El estudio concluyó con algunas sugerencias e implicaciones pedagógicas para los responsables de las políticas, las autoridades superiores y la acreditación nacional para la formación docente en Vehari y Pakistán.Tendo influenciado pela superioridade lingüística britânica, o inglês legou a pessoas da Índia. Consequentemente, entrou em algumas das classes de elite. Devido ao uso frequente de inglês em ciência e tecnologia e elites militares, o ensino superior foi o primeiro a ser considerado como meio de instrução também na escola. O presente estudo investigou as percepções dos professores do ensino fundamental sobre indução, fortalecimento e primazia do idioma inglês como meio de instrução no distrito de Vehari. A população do estudo foram todos os professores primários da região de Vehari, enquanto a amostra do estudo foi selecionada de todas as escolas da cidade, bem como das aldeias vizinhas. Hoje em dia, o inglês é um dos assuntos principais e obrigatórios no Paquistão e foi declarado oficialmente como meio de instrução a nível escolar em 2009 e nos níveis universitários. Mas os professores na maioria das escolas praticam a troca de código enquanto ensinam inglês nas salas de aula. Nos últimos cinco anos, o meio inglês de instrução está agora em prática, então mantendo todos os revisados na literatura, o presente estudo tentou examinar as reflexões dos professores sobre os efeitos da língua inglesa como um meio de instrução em nível elementar sobre o uso da língua inglesa como meio de instrução no nível primário. Os estudos anteriores revisaram principalmente sobre a implementação do inglês como meio de instrução, particularmente em relação aos obstáculos e obstáculos. Como linguistas que trabalham no ensino de línguas em sala de aula, ampliaram significativamente o escopo de suas pesquisas para corrigir as áreas fundamentais das práticas de sala de aula ligadas ao ensino / aprendizagem do inglês como meio de instrução. Além disso, o presente estudo tem sugestões significativas para a pesquisa educacional para apontar as lacunas e desvantagens em termos de implementação da língua inglesa como meta instrucional. Os dados foram analisados usando SPSS versão 21. O estudo concluiu com algumas sugestões e implicações pedagógicas para os decisores políticos, autoridades superiores e acreditação nacional para a formação de professores em Vehari e no Paquistão

Gwadar Port: As an Economic hub for Maritime Trade in the World Corridor (CPEC)

Gwadar port, deep-sea port, is used and operated as a mean to serve the supply and import requirements of a well prominent hinterland, as other harbors of Pakistan has been working. Gwadar port is situated in the Arabian Sea, at Gwadar in Baluchistan province of Pakistan. The economic prediction of Gwadar port is the trump card for economy and trade routes for Central Asian States and the world, which holding trade from the western part of China and assume as reasonable interchange transshipment to another desire ports of the region. The port features prominently in the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) plan, and is considered to be a crucial link between the ambitious One Belt, One Road and Maritime Silk Road projects. The proposed paper through the empirical and inductive research approach tries to identify the importance of Gwadar port in the economic and maritime trade of in the world. Gwadar port has an eminent status in the trade of China and Pakistan throughout the world. In future, it will be a keystone in the economic development of Baluchistan as well as Pakistan. Furthermore, China is also investing in the development of Gwadar port to make it the center of maritime trade of Chinese products. Thus, in a short span it becomes a center of maritime trade of the world