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    Estudio molecular de la glicoprote铆na oviductal OVGP1 y su efecto en la fecundaci贸n y el desarrollo embrionario in vitro en la especie porcina (Sus scrofa) y bovina (Bos taurus)

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    Se ha considerado el oviducto como un mero conducto para gametos y embriones durante muchos a帽os, pero numerosos estudios realizados en las 煤ltimas d茅cadas han demostrado que est谩 involucrado en importantes procesos que son necesarios para la correcta fisiolog铆a de gametos y embriones. Adem谩s, el oviducto es el lugar donde tiene lugar la fecundaci贸n y el desarrollo embrionario temprano. Gametos y embriones est谩n en contacto con el fluido oviductal (FO) durante su paso a trav茅s del oviducto. El FO es un fluido complejo que contiene numerosos compuestos metab贸licos y una gran variedad de prote铆nas. Podemos destacar la prote铆na oviductal dependiente de estr贸genos (OVGP1), tambi茅n llamada oviductina o mucina-9, como la glicoprote铆na mayoritaria del FO. An谩lisis de la secuencia de OVGP1 han mostrado que existe un alto grado de identidad y similitud en el extremo N-terminal de OVGP1 entre las diferentes especies de mam铆feros, mientras que el grado de identidad y similitud es bajo en el extremo C-terminal de la misma. La comparaci贸n de las secuencias de amino谩cidos de OVGP1 entre especies revela la existencia de cinco regiones diferentes (A-E). Todas las prote铆nas OVGP1 de mam铆feros contienen la regi贸n A, pero difieren en la presencia/ausencia de otras regiones en el extremo C-terminal. A pesar de la existencia de datos sobre la contribuci贸n de OVGP1 en la fisiolog铆a reproductiva, todav铆a no se conoce el mecanismo molecular mediante el que act煤a. Por esta raz贸n, en este estudio se realiza una valoraci贸n acerca del papel de OVGP1 y su extremo C-terminal en fecundaci贸n. Para investigar la funci贸n de OVGP1 y su extremo C-terminal, se realiz贸 la clonaci贸n de varias prote铆nas: OVGP1 porcina nativa, OVGP1 de coneja y OVGP1 porcina truncada en la regi贸n D y cada una de las regiones A, D y BD de manera individual. Despu茅s de la expresi贸n y purificaci贸n de las prote铆nas, fueron utilizadas para realizar ensayos moleculares y fisiol贸gicos. En este trabajo observamos que OVGP1 se un铆a a la zona pel煤cida (ZP) de ovocitos porcinos madurados in vitro (MIV) a trav茅s de la regi贸n A de su extremo N-terminal y se mostr贸 que su extremo C-terminal modula esta uni贸n, modificando la morfolog铆a externa del ovocito. Tambi茅n observamos que la regi贸n A no estaba involucrada en la uni贸n especie-espec铆fica entre OVGP1 y la ZP. Se detect贸 OVGP1 en el interior de cuerpos multivesiculares del citoplasma de ovocitos porcinos MIV, sugiriendo la posible endocitosis de la prote铆na. Por el contrario, la eliminaci贸n de la regi贸n D del extremo C-terminal imped铆a la endocitosis. Por otro lado, se ha descrito OVGP1 como el componente del FO responsable del endurecimiento frente a la digesti贸n proteol铆tica de la ZP. En este trabajo, se mostr贸 que el extremo C-terminal de la prote铆na es responsable de modular este endurecimiento. Adem谩s, se utiliz贸 OVGP1 como suplemento durante la fecundaci贸n in vitro (FIV), produci茅ndose un incremento significativo en el porcentaje de monospermia y en la eficiencia de fecundaci贸n, que depend铆a de la presencia de la regi贸n D del extremo C-terminal. De igual manera, se observ贸 un efecto positivo al utilizar OVGP1 como suplemento durante la FIV o el cultivo in vitro (CIV), mientras que al suplementar ambos procesos, el efecto en el rendimiento del sistema bovino era negativo. Por el contrario, esta suplementaci贸n en ambos procesos mejor贸 la calidad de los embriones obtenidos, ya que se detect贸 un incremento en la expresi贸n de algunos genes relacionados con el desarrollo embrionario temprano. Por todo ello, OVGP1 podr铆a ser un componente id贸neo a ser utilizado en los medios sint茅ticos para mejorar las t茅cnicas de reproducci贸n asistida. Oviducts have long been considered mere conduits for gametes and embryos, but numerous studies performed in recent years have demonstrated that the oviduct is involved in several important processes that are necessary for the correct gamete and embryo physiology. Moreover, the oviduct is the site of fertilization and early cleavage of the zygote. During their trip through the oviductal tube, gametes and early embryos are bathed in oviductal fluid (OF). This complex fluid contains many metabolic compounds and a great variety of proteins. The major non-serum glycoprotein present in the OF is the estrogen-dependent oviductal protein (OVGP1), also named oviductin or mucin-9. Analysis of the sequence shows that the N-terminal region of the mature polypeptide OVGP1 has a high degree of identity and similarity among the species. However, C-terminal regions show a low degree of identity and similarity, with several insertions/deletions in their sequence. Comparison of the amino acid sequences of several mammalian OVGP1 reveals the existence of five different regions (A-E). All mammalian OVGP1 proteins possess region A but differ in the length of the core proteins and therefore the presence/absence of the other regions in C-terminal position. Despite the robust data obtained concerning the contribution of OVGP1 in reproductive physiology in different species, the molecular mechanism that would explain its role remains to be established. For this reason, this study makes a molecular and physiological assessment of the role of OVGP1 and its C-terminal region in fertilization. To investigate the role of OVGP1 and its C-terminal region, several proteins were cloned: full length porcine OVGP1 including regions A, B and D; rabbit OVGP1 including regions A, B and D, wich was almost absent, and porcine OVGP1 which was truncated in the D region. In order to analyze the molecular implications of the different OVGP1 regions, each region of the porcine protein was also cloned. The presence of recombinant protein was confirmed by immunoblot after expression and purification and these proteins were used to carry out molecular and physiological experiments. We showed that OVGP1 were able to bind to the zona pellucid (ZP) of in vitro maturated (IVM) porcine oocytes trought the N-terminal A region of the protein. This study has shown that the A region is not involved in the species-specific binding property when the OVGP1 cross-reactivity between species was analysed. Besides, we showed that C-terminal of OVGP1 modulates the binding to the ZP and the surface morphology of oocyte. OVGP1 was detected within multivesicular-like bodies located inside of the IVM porcine oocytes, suggesting that pOVGP1 was endocytosed by the oocyte. By contrast, deletion of the c-terminal D region prevented OVGP1 endocytosis. Moreover, OVGP1 has been referred to the OF component involved in enzymatic ZP hardening. Here, we proved that OVGP1 C-terminal is responsible for modulating this hardening. Besides, using OVGP1 as a supplementary component in in vitro fertilization (IVF) of the porcine system we noticed a significant increase in the percentage of monospermy and in the fertilization efficiency, whose final output depended on the presence of the carboxy-terminal D region of OVGP1. We also showed that incubation with OVGP1 during IVF or in vitro culture (IVC) had a positive effect in the bovine system, while supplementation in both processes had a negative effect on the final blastocyst output. Nevertheless, such incubation in both IVF and IVC improved embryo quality, because OVGP1 increased the expression of some genes involved in early embryo development. Consequently, OVGP1 would seem to be suitable for incorporation into the synthetic medium to improve assisted reproductive technologies
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