Manipulation of Share Priorities

Investors, who seldom read law reviews, continue to put their money into preferred stocks. In the last five reported years, approximately 3 billion of dollars worth of preferred shares have been offered to the public, or more than a third of the value of all stock offered. Can Mr. Becht and the investors both be right? Presumably the investors are directing their attention to different aspects of preferred stock than is Mr. Becht. Like other lawyers, he is considering what managements can do to preferred shareholders if they do their worst. His conclusions are based on the records of cases which have been fought through to judicial decision. The investors, if they consider anything at all, would properly direct their attention to what is likely to happen, or what has happened most frequently in the past. On this point there is little information in the law reviews or, so far as we have discovered, in financial literature. This paper reports on an attempt to find out how frequently the investor in preferred stocks is subjected to the manipulations which legal analysts have described. It is based on the record made from 1932 through 1951 by 79 preferred stocks which were listed on the New York Stock Exchange

Business Corporations in American Society

Delivered at the Second Regional Symposium on Sturcture and Governance of Corporations, sponsored by The American Law Insitute-American Bar Association Committee on Continuing Professional Education, Sea Island, Georgia, Dec. 1, 197

The Corporate Anomaly

Excerpts from the closing chapter of Professor Conrad\u27s book Corporations in Perspectiv

Elder Choice and Health Care Costs

Adapted with permission from the American Journal of Law and Medicine, Vol. 19 No. 3. While strategists struggle with the dilemmas of health care, they seem to overlook a practive that might simultaneously relive the suffering of elder patients and limit the costs of their treatment. To serve their clients\u27 fully, health care providers and insurers need to provide not only means of maximizing health, but also means of minimizing misery and the dread of misery. They can provide these means by distributing acceptable forms of advance directives to their elder patients

The Directors\u27 Dilemma

The article is based on a paper delivered by Professor Conrad at a conference of corporation executives, corporation counsel, and management consultants

THE EFFECTS OF A STRENGTHS BASED FACULTY COACHING INTERVENTION ON FIRST-YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENT ACADEMIC CONFIDENCE: A MIXED METHODS ACTION RESEARCH STUDY

Deficiency remediation models of education imply that students may enter the university with deficiencies, problems, or needs that imply the student needs to be “fixed” before they can proceed in their academic studies. In contrast, strengths-based education models infer that students come to the university with inherent talents, natural propensities, and behaviors that can be leveraged to overcome their challenges. These differing perspectives can influence the effectiveness of university policies designed to improve student retention. This mixed methods action research study, undergirded by student development theories, examined the effects of a strengths-based, faculty-led coaching intervention on first-year undergraduate students’ academic confidence. The results of the intervention showed an increase in first-year student strengths awareness and understanding, along with increased confidence in applying and building their personal strengths. The participants all agreed that the different elements of the workshop (e.g., the facilitator, their peers, the workshop activities) increased their academic confidence. Implications of the study are that students desire small group interactive workshops that encourage them to learn of themselves by developing strategies to become aware, understand, build, and apply their strengths towards academic gains

Towards High Throughput Large Area Metalens Fabrication using UV-Nanoimprint lithography and Bosch Deep Reactive Ion Etching

We demonstrate the fabrication of diffraction-limited dielectric metasurface lenses for NIR by use of standard industrial high throughput silicon processing techniques: UV Nano Imprint Lithography (UV-NIL) combined with continuous Reactive Ion Etching (RIE) and pulsed Bosch Deep Reactive Ion Etching (DRIE). As the research field of metasurfaces moves towards applications these techniques are relevant as potential replacements of commonly used cost-intensive fabrication methods utilizing Electron Beam Lithography. We show that washboard-type sidewall surface roughness arising from the Bosch DRIE process can be compensated for in the design of the metasurface, without deteriorating lens quality. Particular attention is given to fabrication challenges that must be overcome towards high throughput production of relevance to commercial applications. Lens efficiencies are measured to be 30% and 17% at wavelengths {\lambda} = 1.55$\mu$m and {\lambda} = 1.31$\mu$m, respectively. A number of routes towards process optimization are proposed in relation to encountered challenges

Magnetospheric MultiScale (MMS) System Manager

The Magnetospheric MultiScale (MMS) mission is an ambitious NASA space science mission in which 4 spacecraft are flown in tight formation about a highly elliptical orbit. Each spacecraft has multiple instruments that measure particle and field compositions in the Earths magnetosphere. By controlling the members relative motion, MMS can distinguish temporal and spatial fluctuations in a way that a single spacecraft cannot.To achieve this control, 2 sets of four maneuvers, distributed evenly across the spacecraft must be performed approximately every 14 days. Performing a single maneuver on an individual spacecraft is usually labor intensive and the complexity becomes clearly increases with four. As a result, the MMS flight dynamics team turned to the System Manager to put the routine or error-prone under machine control freeing the analysts for activities that require human judgment.The System Manager is an expert system that is capable of handling operations activities associated with performing MMS maneuvers. As an expert system, it can work off a known schedule, launching jobs based on a one-time occurrence or on a set reoccurring schedule. It is also able to detect situational changes and use event-driven programming to change schedules, adapt activities, or call for help