10,683 research outputs found
Understanding the Nature and Effects of Police-Citizen Encounters in Social Context: The Road Less Traveled
Aggressive policing tactics have been identified as contributors to declining crime rate trends in urban, culturally diverse neighborhoods. They encompass stop and frisk practices which have spawned negative public opinion that contrasts with its justification by criminal justice officials as an effective means for the control and prevention of crime. The issue, however, begs deeper questions not readily addressed: how does the nature of police-citizen suspicion-based encounters influence the attitudes and behavior of both stakeholders; and does it contribute to effective crime control and prevention? Based on an analysis of theoretical and empirical research in the field, this article argues that a sense of shame and perception of fairness or unfairness are endemic to face-to-face suspicion-based encounters between police officers and the public, and have significant implications for the experience of justice, control and prevention of crime, and policy initiatives to promote community safety
Monoids of modules and arithmetic of direct-sum decompositions
Let be a (possibly noncommutative) ring and let be a class
of finitely generated (right) -modules which is closed under finite direct
sums, direct summands, and isomorphisms. Then the set
of isomorphism classes of modules is a commutative semigroup with operation
induced by the direct sum. This semigroup encodes all possible information
about direct sum decompositions of modules in . If the endomorphism
ring of each module in is semilocal, then is a Krull monoid. Although this fact was observed nearly a decade ago, the
focus of study thus far has been on ring- and module-theoretic conditions
enforcing that is Krull. If
is Krull, its arithmetic depends only on the class group of and the set of classes containing prime divisors. In this paper
we provide the first systematic treatment to study the direct-sum
decompositions of modules using methods from Factorization Theory of Krull
monoids. We do this when is the class of finitely generated
torsion-free modules over certain one- and two-dimensional commutative
Noetherian local rings.Comment: Pacific Journal of Mathematics, to appea
Prototype Detector for Ultrahigh Energy Neutrino Detection
Necessary technical experience is being gained from successful construction
and deployment of current prototype detectors to search for UHE neutrinos in
Antarctica, Lake Baikal in Russia, and the Mediterranean. The prototype
detectors have also the important central purpose of determining whether or not
UHE neutrinos do in fact exist in nature by observation of at least a few UHE
neutrino-induced leptons with properties that are not consistent with expected
backgrounds. We discuss here the criteria for a prototype detector to
accomplish that purpose in a convincing way even if the UHE neutrino flux is
substantially lower than predicted at present.Comment: 18 pages, 8 figures, submitted to Astroparticle Physic
Ensemble estimation of multivariate f-divergence
f-divergence estimation is an important problem in the fields of information
theory, machine learning, and statistics. While several divergence estimators
exist, relatively few of their convergence rates are known. We derive the MSE
convergence rate for a density plug-in estimator of f-divergence. Then by
applying the theory of optimally weighted ensemble estimation, we derive a
divergence estimator with a convergence rate of O(1/T) that is simple to
implement and performs well in high dimensions. We validate our theoretical
results with experiments.Comment: 14 pages, 6 figures, a condensed version of this paper was accepted
to ISIT 2014, Version 2: Moved the proofs of the theorems from the main body
to appendices at the en
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