Stages of a Integrated Geothermal Project

A geothermal project constitutes two big stages: the exploration and the exploitation. Each one has a single task whose results allow defining the feasibility of a geothermal project, until achieving the construction and operation stage of the power generation plant. The first stage contains the area recognition, its limitation to the target, and elimination of external factors until defining a geothermal zone with characteristics to be commercially exploited. The main studies and analysis that can be applied during the exploration stage are listed, and the major indicator to continue with the project or suspend is the prefeasibility report. The major risks in the exploration stage are due to studies that are carried out on the surface; at this stage, the costs can be considered low. The main results of the exploration are the selection of sites to drill three or four initial wells. Each well provides a direct overview of the reservoir: depth, production thicknesses, thermodynamic parameters, and production characteristics. The drilling of three to four exploratory wells is recommended, as far as there is certainty of the feasibility of the project, and the development of the field begins with drilling of sufficient wells to feed the plant. In this stage, the cost increases, but the risks decrease

Identificación del comportamiento del daño en pozos usando datos de sus mediciones de producción

El efecto de daño en un pozo es un factor de influencia en la disminución de sus características productivas durante su etapa de explotación. De manera tradicional, el efecto de daño se determina a partir de las ecuaciones para análisis de las pruebas transitorias de presión. Sin embargo, la ejecución de este tipo de pruebas requiere de periodos de tiempo relativamente largos para lograr la estabilización del pozo. Debido a las dificultades para realizar pruebas transitorias de presión, se desarrollaron técnicas para determinar el efecto de daño, usando mediciones de producción, con el fin de evitar el retiro de los pozos de los sistemas de producción. Se presenta la metodología para determinar el efecto de daño usando la curva-tipo geotérmica de influjo y se demuestra su aplicabilidad con diferentes ejemplos. Los datos utilizados fueron obtenidos de mediciones de producción de pozos de campos geotérmicos mexicanos en diferentes etapas de su vida operativa. A partir de los análisis se encuentra que el valor numérico del daño determinado en los pozos seleccionados aumenta en función del tiempo de explotación, lo cual indica un deterioro en sus características productivas. El conocimiento del efecto de daño ayuda a establecer criterios técnicos durante la toma de decisiones sobre las acciones pertinentes que se pueden ejecutar en el pozo (desde simples escariaciones y limpiezas hasta intervenciones mayores, como fracturamientos)

Comparación de metodologías de análisis de declinación de la productividad en pozos

Se presentan aplicaciones y resultados de dos de los diversos métodos existentes para el análisis de declinación de la producción: a) método gráfico de ajuste por medio de curvastipo y b) método de normalización de flujo. Los valores obtenidos representan propiedades de los cuatro pozos productores analizados (P5, P13, P17 y P22). Extendiendo la aplicación del método a cuando menos el 75% de pozos de cada campo es posible caracterizar los yacimientos. El diagnóstico general del comportamiento de la producción a partir del flujo másico y presión contra el tiempo, aplicado en este trabajo, se puede sugerir como una metodología confiable al inicio del análisis completo. A partir de las gráficas de diagnóstico general se puede identificar que cada pozo muestra comportamientos particulares de acuerdo con cada diferente diámetro de producción que se utiliza durante su explotación. El comportamiento del pozo a cada diámetro de apertura es útil en el diseño de su análisis. Es recomendable el uso de al menos dos métodos de análisis en la solución de un problema, con el objeto de comparar las determinaciones entre ambos y alcanzar un criterio objetivo sobre los resultados. Al aplicar la técnica de análisis por medio de ajuste con curvas-tipo se obtienen valores menores respecto a los obtenidos con la técnica de normalización de flujo. Lo anterior debido al planteamiento de generalización de parámetros que se usa en su construcción. Las metodologías de análisis usadas en este trabajo son aplicables a pozos de aceite, gas, geotérmicos y de agua

Análisis de declinación de la producción para la caracterización de yacimientos / Analysis of production decline for reservoir characterization

En este trabajo se presenta el modelo numérico de análisis de declinación de la producción utilizado en sistemas petroleros y su adaptación para ser aplicados en sistemas geotérmicos e hidráulicos. Se muestra la importancia de caracterizar la producción de los pozos durante su etapa de explotación continua por la información útil que aporta, la cual se aplica de manera práctica a sus diseños de explotación. Se demuestra la aplicabilidad de los métodos de análisis de declinación de la producción por medio analítico y por medio del ajuste de curvas tipo. Los resultados obtenidos son los ritmos de declinación, y las propiedades físicas de la formación (permeabilidad, porosidad, factor de daño, radio de drene). Estableciendo los límites económicos de producción, con la metodología utilizada en este trabajo se puede estimar la vida útil remanente del pozo y su reserva factible de ser extraída. Las técnicas expuestas permiten caracterizar confiablemente la producción de los pozos de petróleo, geotérmicos e hidráulicos con el objeto de mantener o modificar sus diseños de explotación comercial o sustentar planes de expansión. Se demuestra que el uso de mas de una metodología de análisis ayuda a verificar la certidumbre de los resultados

Teaching and interdisciplinarity: dictionary, database and interactive resource on concepts of linguistics aimed at to the Degree of translation and Interpreting

La incorporación de las TIC en todos los entornos y aspectos cotidianos tanto en el desarrollo personal como profesional, plantean la pertinencia de disponer de una herramienta que permita la consulta on-line de información por parte del alumnado, el registro de la información consultada y la generación de informes sobre la actividad del sistema. En el presente trabajo se muestra una herramienta docente en formato sistema web con determinadas características de seguridad, integridad de la información y acceso acreditado a distintos tipos de usuarios. Se trata de un entorno web que desarrolla e incluye el vocabulario técnico (términos y conceptos) básicos que un estudiante del Grado de Traducción e Interpretación necesita para el estudio y aprendizaje de la asignatura “Lingüística” del primer curso de dicho Grado. Incluye términos, definiciones, ejercicios y bibliografía básica.The incorporation of ICT in all environments and everyday aspects in personal and professional development suggest the pertinence of having a tool that allows on-line consultation of information on the part of students, the registration of the consulted information and the generation of reports on system activity. The present work shows a teaching tool in web system format with certain security characteristics, information integrity and accredited access to different types of users. It is a web environment that develops and includes the basic technical vocabulary (terms and concepts) that a student of the Degree of Translation and Interpretation needs for the study and learning of the subject “Linguistics” of the first course of this degree. It includes terms, definitions, exercises and basic bibliography

LOS IMAGINARIOS SOCIALES Y EL TURISMO: CONCEPTOS Y APLICACIONES

Libro en formato pdfLa difusión y aceptación progresiva de lo relacionado con los imaginarios y representaciones sociales en el entorno académico mexicano, han conllevado a la adhesión de destacados académicos a esa línea de trabajo así como a la formación continua de jóvenes investigadores que buscaron aplicar los temas correspondientes a estudios de caso. Por lo mismo, la publicación se divide en dos partes: la primera presenta las aportaciones conceptuales de autores de varias latitudes de la geografía del país, reuniendo textos de conocidos(as) académicos(as) entre los estudiosos de las representaciones y los imaginarios como (citados en el orden de la publicación) Lidia Girola, Martha de Alba González, Milton Aragón Palacios, Daniel Hiernaux-Nicolás, Ilia Alvarado-Sizzo, Álvaro López López y Víctor Fernando Zamora Águila. La segunda parte que intitulamos simplemente “Aplicaciones” integra los textos de Rosa Adriana Vázquez Gómez, Maribel Osorio García, Carlos Rogelio Virgen Aguilar, Alfonso Zepeda Arce, Mario Alberto Velázquez García, Helene Balslev Clausen y Eloy Méndez Sainz. El lector notará a primera vista la variedad de los casos de aplicación: además del ya citado estudio sobre jóvenes estudiantes, se integra un trabajo sobre Vallarta, otro sobre el nuevo imaginario del pulque y, una reflexión interesante que muestra el potencial de la literatura para analizar el paisaje de pueblo.Universidad Panamericana, Red de Investigación Turística (RIT) y Red Iberoamericana de Investigación en Imaginarios y Representaciones Sociales (RIIR

The Fourteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: First Spectroscopic Data from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey and from the second phase of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment

The fourth generation of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-IV) has been in operation since July 2014. This paper describes the second data release from this phase, and the fourteenth from SDSS overall (making this, Data Release Fourteen or DR14). This release makes public data taken by SDSS-IV in its first two years of operation (July 2014-2016). Like all previous SDSS releases, DR14 is cumulative, including the most recent reductions and calibrations of all data taken by SDSS since the first phase began operations in 2000. New in DR14 is the first public release of data from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS); the first data from the second phase of the Apache Point Observatory (APO) Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE-2), including stellar parameter estimates from an innovative data driven machine learning algorithm known as "The Cannon"; and almost twice as many data cubes from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at APO (MaNGA) survey as were in the previous release (N = 2812 in total). This paper describes the location and format of the publicly available data from SDSS-IV surveys. We provide references to the important technical papers describing how these data have been taken (both targeting and observation details) and processed for scientific use. The SDSS website (www.sdss.org) has been updated for this release, and provides links to data downloads, as well as tutorials and examples of data use. SDSS-IV is planning to continue to collect astronomical data until 2020, and will be followed by SDSS-V.Comment: SDSS-IV collaboration alphabetical author data release paper. DR14 happened on 31st July 2017. 19 pages, 5 figures. Accepted by ApJS on 28th Nov 2017 (this is the "post-print" and "post-proofs" version; minor corrections only from v1, and most of errors found in proofs corrected

Overview of recent TJ-II stellarator results

The main results obtained in the TJ-II stellarator in the last two years are reported. The most important topics investigated have been modelling and validation of impurity transport, validation of gyrokinetic simulations, turbulence characterisation, effect of magnetic configuration on transport, fuelling with pellet injection, fast particles and liquid metal plasma facing components. As regards impurity transport research, a number of working lines exploring several recently discovered effects have been developed: the effect of tangential drifts on stellarator neoclassical transport, the impurity flux driven by electric fields tangent to magnetic surfaces and attempts of experimental validation with Doppler reflectometry of the variation of the radial electric field on the flux surface. Concerning gyrokinetic simulations, two validation activities have been performed, the comparison with measurements of zonal flow relaxation in pellet-induced fast transients and the comparison with experimental poloidal variation of fluctuations amplitude. The impact of radial electric fields on turbulence spreading in the edge and scrape-off layer has been also experimentally characterized using a 2D Langmuir probe array. Another remarkable piece of work has been the investigation of the radial propagation of small temperature perturbations using transfer entropy. Research on the physics and modelling of plasma core fuelling with pellet and tracer-encapsulated solid-pellet injection has produced also relevant results. Neutral beam injection driven Alfvénic activity and its possible control by electron cyclotron current drive has been examined as well in TJ-II. Finally, recent results on alternative plasma facing components based on liquid metals are also presentedThis work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014–2018 under Grant Agreement No. 633053. It has been partially funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Inovación y Universidades of Spain under projects ENE2013-48109-P, ENE2015-70142-P and FIS2017-88892-P. It has also received funds from the Spanish Government via mobility grant PRX17/00425. The authors thankfully acknowledge the computer resources at MareNostrum and the technical support provided by the Barcelona S.C. It has been supported as well by The Science and Technology Center in Ukraine (STCU), Project P-507F

Evolving trends in the management of acute appendicitis during COVID-19 waves. The ACIE appy II study

Background: In 2020, ACIE Appy study showed that COVID-19 pandemic heavily affected the management of patients with acute appendicitis (AA) worldwide, with an increased rate of non-operative management (NOM) strategies and a trend toward open surgery due to concern of virus transmission by laparoscopy and controversial recommendations on this issue. The aim of this study was to survey again the same group of surgeons to assess if any difference in management attitudes of AA had occurred in the later stages of the outbreak. Methods: From August 15 to September 30, 2021, an online questionnaire was sent to all 709 participants of the ACIE Appy study. The questionnaire included questions on personal protective equipment (PPE), local policies and screening for SARS-CoV-2 infection, NOM, surgical approach and disease presentations in 2021. The results were compared with the results from the previous study. Results: A total of 476 answers were collected (response rate 67.1%). Screening policies were significatively improved with most patients screened regardless of symptoms (89.5% vs. 37.4%) with PCR and antigenic test as the preferred test (74.1% vs. 26.3%). More patients tested positive before surgery and commercial systems were the preferred ones to filter smoke plumes during laparoscopy. Laparoscopic appendicectomy was the first option in the treatment of AA, with a declined use of NOM. Conclusion: Management of AA has improved in the last waves of pandemic. Increased evidence regarding SARS-COV-2 infection along with a timely healthcare systems response has been translated into tailored attitudes and a better care for patients with AA worldwide

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio