Pengaruh Variasi Lama Penyimpanan Air Rendaman Jerami Padi terhadap Jumlah Telur Nyamuk <i>Aedes aegypti</i> di Ovitrap Model Kepanjen

Salah satu teknologi yang dapat digunakan untuk mengontrol perkembangbiakan vektor demam berdarah dengue (DBD) adalah ovitrap. Ovitrap adalah perangkap telur yang digunakan untuk mendeteksi keberadaan vektor demam berdarah, seperti Aedes albopictus dan Aedes aegypti. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh lama penyimpanan atraktan air rendaman jerami padi terhadap jumlah telur nyamuk Aedes aegypti pada ovitrap model Kepanjen yang dimodifikasi. Desain penelitian ini adalah pre-experimental design dengan one-group post-test only. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Januari–Maret 2014 di Laboratorium Parasitologi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Brawijaya dan Laboratorium Kimia Dasar FMIPA Universitas Brawijaya. Sebanyak 100 ekor nyamuk masing-masing diletakkan dalam 6 buah kandang. Setiap kandang diletakkan 4 buah ovitrap dengan usia penyimpanan atraktan yang berbeda, yaitu 0, 12, 34, dan 90 hari. Pengambilan telur dilakukan pada hari ke-3 dan ke-6. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan bermakna jumlah telur yang terperangkap antara usia penyimpanan atraktan (p=0,694). Air rendaman jerami padi sampai dengan usia 90 hari masih dapat digunakan sebagai atraktan pada ovitrap model Kepanjen. Simpulan, variasi lama penyimpanan atraktan air rendaman jerami padi tidak memberikan pengaruh pada jumlah telur Aedes aegypti yang terperangkap di ovitrap model Kepanjen.   VARIANCE OF RICE STRAW INFUSED WATER STORAGE LENGTH AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE AMOUNT OF AEDES AEGYPTI MOSQUITO EGGS IN KEPANJEN MODEL OVITRAP One of the technology that can be used in order to control the dengue vector breeding is ovitrap. Ovitrap is an egg trap which is used to detect the existence of dengue vector, such as Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. This research aim to describe the effect of rice straw infused water storage length attractant to Aedes aegypti eggs amount trapped in Kepanjen model ovitrap. The study was pre-experimental with one-group post-test only conducted on January–March 2014 at Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya and General Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Universitas Brawijaya. In each of six cages, 100 mosquitoes were placed with 4 ovitraps with different storage length of rice straw infused water attractant, i.e. 0, 12, 34, and 90 days. Eggs collection was done at day 3rd and day 6th. The result showed that there was no significant differences on the number of eggs trapped among each different attractant storage length (p=0.694). Therefore, rice straw infused water can be use up to 90 days as an attractant in Kepanjen model ovitrap. In conclusion, the variation of rice straw infused water storage length attractant did not provide effects to the number of Aedes aegypti eggs trapped in Kepanjen model ovitrap

Analysis of the Histopathology, TNF-α of Microglia Cells Expression, NRG-1/erbB Oligodendrocyte, and Ki67/Apoptosis of Dentate Gyrus Rattus novergicus Brain After Acute Traumatic Brain Injury

Head trauma or traumatic brain injury (TBI) gives most serious impact on the central nervous system. Several experimental models have been established to mimic different pathogenesis characteristics of TBI. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is evidence of hystopathological lesions in the brain tissue after Marmorou TBI models. This study uses Rattus norvegicus Sprague Dawley strain. Macroscopic and microscopic observations on the brain tissue were done. Macroscopic lesions were observed in the brain. Microscopic observation was performed with Haematoxylin-Eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemistry on the distribution of microglia cells and pyramidal cells in the cortex. Meanwhile, the distribution of NRG-1/ErbB, proliferation, and apoptosis were observed in the hippocampus. The results of macroscopic observation showed that there were wounds caused by falling loads and vasodilatation. On microscopic observation, the TBI group showed an increase in neutrophils distribution and distribution of activated microglia to produce TNF-α, and decrease in the number of cortical pyramidal cells significantly. The distribution of NRG-1 tended to decrease after exposure of TBI and had no effect on its receptor, erbB. Exposure of TBI appears to lower the activity of neuronal cells proliferation in dentate gyrus (DG) area and significantly increase the number of apoptotic cells. Marmarou model is a physiological model of TBI that spontaneously occurs following a trauma to the head, for example trauma due to an accident. This data can be used as a preliminary data of inflammation and tissue regeneration of disrupted adult brain. Therefore, this research could be used as the basis in the studies of therapeutic agents in the process of neurogenesis of brain cells.Keywords: traumatic brain injury, ERG-1/ErbB, dentate gyrus, Ki67, TNF-a, microgli

Spade Leaf Extract Phytosome Modulates Krox-20, Neuregulinـ1, Phospholipids, and Cognitive Function of Traumatic Brain Injury Model in Rats

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a disorder of the central nervous system due to head trauma. TBI can damage nerve membrane phospholipids and decrease protein synthesis of neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) because of the transcription factor Krox-20. These conditions cause the lowering in nerve re-myelination which contribute to the decline of cognitive function. In Indonesia, citicoline is a neuroprotective drug that widely used to repair and prevent further damage of the nerve cells membrane caused by trauma. Spade leaf (Centella asiatica) extract phytosome (SEP) is a model of drug delivery system which expected to enhance the therapeutic effects as neuroprotective drug. This study aims to demonstrate and compare the effectiveness from SEP and citicoline as a neuroprotective characterized by increasing the activation of Krox-20, the expression of NRG-1, the distribution of phospholipids, and the improvement of cognitive levels on TBI-induced rats. Rats were divided into 5 groups namely: control (-); control (+); treatment with SEP 90mg/kgBW; citicoline 250mg/kgBW, and SEP in combination with citicoline. Krox-20, NRG-1, and phospholipids expression were measured by immunohistochemical assay, while cognitive function were assessed with the Morris Water Maze test. According to ANOVA test results, it was showed that SEP improved the nerve cells through the activation of Krox-20, NRG-1 expression, and distribution of phospholipids significantly (p <0.05). Based on Morris Water Maze test, SEP also improved the cognitive function in TBI-induced rats. Thus, it can be concluded that spade leaf extract phytosome combined with citicoline increase a higher phospholipids distribution and give the fastest time in the cognitive tests compared with of spade leaf extract phytosome and citicoline alone.Keywords : NRG-1, Krox-20, phospholipids, phytosome, Centella asiatica