Мультиязычный корпус терминов: контент и инструменты

Developping a multilingual corpus of terminology in linguistics can contribute to better organization and standardization of Russian and Chinese terms in the chosen field on the base of the existing works on the material of the English language. The scope of the project is to fill the lacunae, to disambiguate homonymy, to facilitate the choice of appropriate translation of a linguistic term and understanding of its context. The issue of the absence of Russian-Chinese-English and Chinese-Russian-English terminological dictionaries and the general desynchronization of terminological systems have been repeatedly mentioned in scientific works focused on the description of the language for special purposes. The search for a solution to these theoretical issues will help to find an algorithm for organizing the corpus of terms both within individual scientific disciplines and in interdisciplinary areas of arts and humanities. Multilingual corpus of terminology in linguistics implies the development of methodological recommendations and a complex of teaching materials including the digital ones, which will help foreign students to use the terms according to their level of language proficiency. The project is a continuation of a collective work oriented to the research of a language for professional communication. Language for professional communication is a functional type of a natural language the units of which transfer special knowledge. The absence of this knowledge makes professional communication impossible in the ways of perception, interpretation, translation and, creation of scientific texts in writing.Создание мультиязычного корпуса терминов предметной области «Лингвистика», который позволил бы систематизировать и унифицировать русские и китайские ряды лингвистических терминов с целью заполнения лакун, снятия омонимии и выбора адекватного перевода терминов и контекстов их употребления с учетом существующих наработок на материале английского языка, представляется актуальным прежде всего из-за отсутствия русско-китайско-английских и китайско-русско-английских терминологических словарей и общей рассинхронизации терминологических систем, что неоднократно отмечалось в научных работах, посвященных описанию языка для специальных целей. Поиск решения данных теоретических вопросов мотивирует к поиску алгоритма организации корпуса терминов как внутри отдельных научных дисциплин, так и в междисциплинарных областях гуманитарного знания. Мультиязычный корпус терминов предполагает разработку методических рекомендаций и комплекс обучающих, прежде всего, цифровых средств, которые будут способствовать введению в речь иностранного студента терминов согласно уровню его подготовки. Результатом проведенной работы стала модель и цифровая версия корпуса терминов предметной области «Лингвистика», представленная в форме сети вокабул и их ассоциативных рядов внутри лингвистической терминосистемы. Разработанный корпус позволяет не только систематизировать существующие лексикографические данные в рассматриваемой области, но и использовать его в образовательной деятельности, в частности, при тренинге и контроле формирования профессиональных компетенций обучающихся в интерактивном режиме. Формат корпуса позволяет осуществлять выгрузку необходимых для обучения терминов в зависимости от уровня подготовки учащихся и других пользователей, в том числе при онлайн обучении. Создание мультиязычного корпуса потенциально возможно для представления результатов научных исследований мировому научному сообществу, такой корпус станет эффективным инструментом при переводе научных работ по лингвистике на русский, китайский и английский языки

Epidemiology of Hereditary Diseases in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic

Prevalence and allelic heterogeneity of hereditary diseases (HDs) could vary significantly in different human populations. Current knowledge of HDs distribution in populations is generally limited to either European data or analyses of isolated populations which were performed several decades ago. Thus, an acknowledgement of the HDs prevalence in different modern open populations is important. The study presents the results of a genetic epidemiological study of hereditary diseases (HDs) in the population of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic (KChR). Clinical screening of a population of 410,367 people for the identification of HDs was conducted. The population surveyed is represented by five major ethnic groups—Karachays, Russians, Circassians, Abazins, Nogais. The study of the populations was carried out in accordance with the proprietary protocol of genetic epidemiological examination designed to identify >3500 HDs easily diagnosed during clinical examination by qualified specialists specializing in the HDs. The protocol consists of the population genetic and medical genetic sections and is intended for comprehensive population analysis based on the data on different genetic systems, including the genes of HDs, DNA polymorphisms, demographic data collected during hospital-based survey. 8950 families (with 10,125 patients) with presumably the HDs were initially identified as a result of the survey and data collection through various sources of registration (from 1156 medical workers from 163 medical institutions). A diagnosis of hereditary pathology was established in 1849 patients (from 1295 families). Two hundred and thirty nosological forms were revealed (in 1857 patients from 1295 families). The total prevalence of HDs was 1:221. Differences between populations and ethnic groups were identified: 1:350 in Russians, 1:195 in Karachays, 1:199 in Circassians, 1:218 in Abazins, 1:135 in Nogais. Frequent diseases were determined, the presence of marked genetic heterogeneity was identified during the confirmatory DNA diagnosis. To explain the reasons for the differentiation of populations by load of HD, a correlation analysis was carried out between the FST (random inbreeding) in populations and HDs load values. This analysis showed genetic drift is probably one of the leading factors determining the differentiation of KChR populations by HDs load. For the first time, the size of the load and spectrum of HDs in the populations of the KChR are determined. We have demonstrated genetic drift to be one of the main factors of the population dynamics in studied population. A significant genetic heterogeneity of HDs, both allelic and locus, was revealed in KChR