Расширение языка C для поддержки процедурно-параметрического полиморфизма

Software development is often about expanding functionality. To improve reliability in this case, it is necessary to minimize the change in previously written code. For instrumental support of the evolutionary development of programs, a procedural-parametric programming paradigm was proposed, which made it possible to increase the capabilities of the procedural approach. This allows to extend both data and functions painlessly. The paper considers the inclusion of procedural-parametric programming in the C language. Additional syntactic constructions are proposed to support the proposed approach. These constructions include: parametric generalizations, specializations of generalizations, generalizing functions, specialization handlers. Their semantics, possibilities and features of technical implementation are described. To check the possibilities of using this approach, models of procedural-parametric constructions in the C programming language were built. The example in the article demonstrates the flexible extension of the program and support of multiple polymorphism.Разработка программного обеспечения зачастую связана с расширением функциональности. Для повышения надежности в этом случае необходимо минимизировать изменение ранее написанного кода. Для инструментальной поддержки эволюционной разработки программ была предложена процедурно-параметрическая парадигма программирования, что позволило повысить возможности процедурного подхода. Это обеспечивает безболезненное расширение как данных, так функций, используя при этом статическую типизацию. В работе рассматривается включение процедурно-параметрического программирования в язык C. Предлагаются дополнительные синтаксические конструкции, ориентированные на поддержку предлагаемого подхода. К ним относятся: параметрические обобщения, специализации обобщений, обобщающие функции, обработчики специализаций. Описываются их семантика, возможности и особенности технической реализации. Для проверки возможностей использования данного подхода построены модели процедурно-параметрических конструкций на языке программирования C. Приведенный пример демонстрирует гибкое расширение программы и поддержку множественного полиморфизма

Simulation of Diffusion-Controlled Growth of Interdependent Nuclei under Potentiostatic Conditions

The problem of diffusion-controlled growth following an instantaneous nucleation event was studied within the framework of a new numerical model, considering the spatial distribution of hemispherical nuclei on the electrode surface and the mutual influence of growing nuclei via the collision of 3D diffusion fields. The simulation of the diffusion-controlled growth of hexagonal and random ensembles was performed at the overpotential-dependent number density of nuclei. The diffusion flow to each nucleus within a random ensemble was simulated by the finite difference method using the derived analytical expressions for the surface areas and the volumes formed at the intersection of 3D diffusion fields with the side faces of a virtual right prism with a Voronoi polygon base. The implementation of this approach provides an accurate calculation of concentration profiles, time dependences of the size of nuclei, and current transients. The results, including total current density transients, growth exponents, and nucleus size distribution, were compared with models developed within the concept of planar diffusion zones, the mean-field approximation and the Brownian dynamics simulation method, as well as with experimental data from the literature. The prospects of the model for studying the initial stages of electrocrystallization were discussed

Integrability of the limit model for a vacuum diode and a solution to the singular boundary-value problem

This article concerns singular boundary-value problems for a vacuum diode model. We prove the integrability of a system of nonlinear differential equations and construct a complete system of the first integrals; thus developing a method for solving singular boundary value problems. Also we study the asymptotic behavior of the solution in a neighborhood of the singular point

Simulation of Diffusion-Controlled Growth of Interdependent Nuclei under Potentiostatic Conditions

The problem of diffusion-controlled growth following an instantaneous nucleation event was studied within the framework of a new numerical model, considering the spatial distribution of hemispherical nuclei on the electrode surface and the mutual influence of growing nuclei via the collision of 3D diffusion fields. The simulation of the diffusion-controlled growth of hexagonal and random ensembles was performed at the overpotential-dependent number density of nuclei. The diffusion flow to each nucleus within a random ensemble was simulated by the finite difference method using the derived analytical expressions for the surface areas and the volumes formed at the intersection of 3D diffusion fields with the side faces of a virtual right prism with a Voronoi polygon base. The implementation of this approach provides an accurate calculation of concentration profiles, time dependences of the size of nuclei, and current transients. The results, including total current density transients, growth exponents, and nucleus size distribution, were compared with models developed within the concept of planar diffusion zones, the mean-field approximation and the Brownian dynamics simulation method, as well as with experimental data from the literature. The prospects of the model for studying the initial stages of electrocrystallization were discussed

Mechanism and Kinetics of the Phase Formation and Dissolution of Na_xWO₃ on a Pt Electrode in a Na₂WO₄–WO₃ Melt

A comprehensive study concerning the phase formation mechanism and growth/dissolution kinetics of sodium tungsten bronze crystals during the electrolysis of a 0.8Na2WO4–0.2WO3 melt was carried out. The regularities of deposit formation on a Pt(111) working electrode were investigated experimentally using cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis. Models have been developed to calculate the current response during the formation, growth and dissolution of a two-phase deposit consisting of NaxWO3 and metallic tungsten or two oxide tungsten bronzes with different sodium content. These models consider mass transfer to the electrode and nuclei; chemical and electrochemical reactions with the participation of polytungstate ions, Na+, Na0, and O2−; as well as the ohmic drop effect. The approach was proposed to describe the dissolution of an NaxWO3 crystal with a nonuniform sodium distribution. The fitting of cyclic voltammograms was performed using the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. The NaxWO3 formation/growth/dissolution mechanism was determined. Concentration profiles and diffusion coefficients of [WnO3n]−, reaction rate constants, number density of nuclei, and time dependencies of crystal size were calculated. The proposed approaches and models can be used in other systems for the cyclic voltammogram analysis and study of the mechanism and kinetics of electrode processes complicated by phase formation; parallel and sequential electrochemical and chemical reactions; as well as the formation of a deposit characterized by a nonuniform phase and/or chemical composition

Simulation of 3D Electrochemical Phase Formation: Mixed Growth Control

Processes of nucleation and growth largely determine the structure and properties of thin films obtained by electrodeposition on foreign substrates. Theoretical aspects of the initial stages of electrochemical phase formation under constant and variable overpotentials are considered in this work. Simulation of multiple nucleation with mixed (charge transfer, and diffusion) controlled growth was performed for three cases (cyclic voltammetry, potentiostatic electrodeposition, and galvanostatic electrodeposition). The influence of the bulk concentration of depositing ions and the exchange current density at the electrolyte/nucleus interface on cyclic voltammograms (CVs), transients of current and overpotential, as well as the number and size of non-interacting new-phase nuclei was analyzed. It is found that, under galvanostatic conditions, the number of nuclei decreases as the concentration of depositing ions increases due to a more rapid decrease in overpotential. The proposed model was applied to determine the diffusion coefficient, exchange current density, and transfer coefficient considering the experimental CV

Peripheral blood leukocyte NO production and oxidative stress in multiple sclerosis

Background The reason for increased peripheral blood leukocyte ( PBL) nitric oxide ( NO) production in patients with multiple sclerosis ( MS) is unknown. Objective To investigate whether PBL NO production is related to measures of oxidative stress. Methods PBL nitrite, diene conjugates ( DC, a measure of undergone oxidative stress), antiradical activity ( ARA) and antioxidant acitvity ( AOA) were measured in 35 healthy control persons and 80 patients with MS. We investigated the correlation of these measures with a partial correlation analysis, with age as the control variable. Results There was a significant correlation in both MS patients and healthy control persons between PBL nitrite levels and PBL DC, ARA and AOA. The correlations were stronger in healthy control persons. An analysis by disease subtype showed that the correlations were present in patients with relapsing - remitting and secondary progressive MS, but absent in primary progressive MS. Conclusions PBL nitrite levels and measures of oxidative stress are closely related in MS- patients as well as in healthy control persons. Increased serum NO levels in MS may be the result of a physiologic reaction to overall oxidative stress. The differences in the strength of correlation between different disease subtypes may reflect differences in leukocyte biology. Multiple Sclerosis 2008