Септический шок в акушерстве: клинические рекомендации Общероссийской общественной организации «Федерация анестезиологов и реаниматологов»

В статье отражены основные положения клинических рекомендаций по септическому шоку в акушерстве, утвержденных Общероссийской общественной организацией «Федерация анестезиологов и реаниматологов» в 2022 г. Актуальность проблемы связана с высокими показателями летальности и заболеваемости от сепсиса и септического шока в акушерстве. Последовательно представлены основные вопросы этиологии, патогенеза, клинической картины, методов лабораторной и инструментальной диагностики, особенности применения шкал qSOFA, SOFA, MOEWS, SOS, MEWC, IMEWS для верификации сепсиса. В статье представлена стартовая интенсивная терапия (первые 6–12 ч) лечения септического шока в акушерстве с учетом особенностей организма беременной женщины. Описана стратегия назначения вазопрессоров (норэпинефрин, фенилэфрин, эпинефрин), инотропных препаратов (добутамин), представлены антибиотики и оптимальные схемы антибактериальной терапии, особенности инфузионной и адъювантной терапии. Обсуждены вопросы хирургического лечения очага инфекции и показания к гистерэктомии, а также организация медицинской помощи и реабилитация пациенток, перенесших сепсис и септический шок. Описаны основные принципы профилактики развития сепсиса и септического шока в акушерстве. Представлены критерии качества оказания медицинской помощи пациенткам с септическим шоком и алгоритмы действий врача при диагностике и интенсивной терапии пациенток с септическим шоком в акушерстве

Postmortem radiology studies in global and national healthcare: literature analysis and perspectives of Russian specialists

Despite the significant importance of autopsies for determining the cause of death and the evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, there is a progressive decrease in their number across all countries. At the same time, there is an active introduction of postmortem radiological studies to analyze the bodies of deceased patients. The article presents literature analysis summarizing the results of surveys from foreign specialists, as well as the opinions of Russian specialists, regarding the possibilities and features of postmortem radiological studies, mainly focusing on deceased newborns and infants. It is noted that postmortem radiological studies are carried out as part of both pathoanatomical autopsy and forensic medical examination. Postmortem computed tomography in cases of violent death and postmortem magnetic resonance imaging in cases of death from diseases were performed more often. General clinical equipment located in clinical radiology departments was more frequently used than those located in the mortuary, pathology department, or forensic facility. The analysis of the results of postmortem radiological examinations was predominantly carried out by radiologists, with a joint analysis involving a radiologist and a pathologist being less common. It is emphasized that in the Russian Federation, postmortem radiological studies are mostly of a single nature. According to Russian researchers, in the current era of advancing personalized medicine, radiation techniques, and information technologies, there arises a need to use postmortem radiological studies to objectify and improve the accuracy of traditional autopsies. Postmortem radiological studies, which are objective operator-independent methods of examining the bodies of dead people, should be considered as a highly effective stage of pathology and, especially, forensic autopsy

The Phenomenon of the Cross-Resistance of Breast Cancer to Target and Hormonal Drugs: The Role of Epigenetic Reconstruction

The rearrangement of molecular pathways and the activation of bypass signaling determine the progression of tumor cell resistance to various drugs that specifically block target signaling proteins. The present work was performed on the MCF-7 breast cancer cells and established sublines, resistant to mTOR inhibitor rapamycin or antiestrogen tamoxifen, developed under prolonged cell treatment with rapamycin or tamoxifen, respectively. We have shown that both resistant sublines demonstrate the cross-resistance to rapamycin and tamoxifen and are characterized with the common signaling changes, namely—blocking of the estrogen receptor α (ERα) transcriptional activity and constitutive activation of Akt signaling. Analysis of the epigenetic machinery revealed the drastic suppression of the level of DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) in both the resistant sublines that were correlated with the demethylation of the LINE-1 repeats. Knockdown of the DNMT3A via siRNA results in the progression of partial resistance of MCF-7 cells to both tamoxifen and rapamycin, supporting the important role of DNA methylation in the formation of the resistant phenotype. Totally, the results obtained highlight the possible mechanism of the tumor cell resistance to targeting/hormonal drugs based on the rearrangement of DNA methylation profile and activation of the bypass signaling pathways