Что такое социологическая пропаганда?

Статья посвящена концепции социологической пропаганды Жака Эллюля. Автор анализирует комментаторскую литературу, рассматривает спорные и уязвимые места концепции, в том числе подробно останавливается на обоснованности термина, противопоставлении социологической и политической пропаганды, проблеме организации социологической пропаганды и ее соотношении с пропагандой культурной, эффективности пропаганды и ее способности преодолевать сопротивление индивида. В статье заостряются проблемы неосознаваемости такой пропаганды и ее способности мимикрировать под социальные форматы, которые менее всего можно заподозрить в пропаганде. Благодаря этому социологическая пропаганда начинает манипулировать негативными установками людей, в том числе "расчеловечивать" врагов нации, как это видно на примере США. Автор настаивает на том, что для анализа современной пропаганды необходимо учитывать ее сложность и способность к трансформации, и это хорошо показано в работе Эллюля. В статье на примере рок-музыки анализируется действие американской социологической пропаганды во времена СССР, а также ее влияние в наши дни на примере выборов президента США

El desarrollo de la institución del nombramiento para los rangos científicos de la facultad de enseñanza científica en la Federación de Rusia

Taking into account, that science and education in Russia are related to certain priority areas designated by the State and the social development policy, this article is focused on the issues related to the modernization of the academic degrees’ system in Russia. This system is characterized by multiple imperfections that particularly influence the motivation of high-education teaching personnel. In this paper, the authors study several recent problems encountered in the current legal regulation governing the attribution of academic degrees in Russia while observing its inconsistencies and legal contradictions. The paper also contains an analysis of suggested proposals that could be added to the current legal texts, regulating the institution responsible for academic degree attribution. In general, the authors suggest a conceptual approach to modernize the mechanisms of normative legal regulation which organizes the attribution of academic ranks. It is suggested to improve the evaluation system of scientific publications used to evaluate applicants for an academic degree, and to establish a transition towards a point-based evaluation system based on the quality of scientific and educational work. The thesis formulated expresses the need to develop a system of social and material guarantees for the benefit of scientific and educational staff and the implementation of effective means to motivate their educational and research activity.Considerando que a educação e a ciência na Rússia se relacionam com o número de direções prioritárias da política estatal e do desenvolvimento da comunidade, este artigo se concentra na discussão da questão da modernização do sistema de fileiras científicas na Rússia. Esse sistema é caracterizado pela imperfeição, o que influencia particularmente a motivação do corpo docente do ensino superior na atividade educacional. Os autores consideram os problemas mais reais da condição atual de reglamentação legal da nomeação para postos científicos na Rússia e fazem o monitoramento referente à inconsistência e contradições legais. O artigo contém a análise da série de sugestões de alterações aos atos jurídicos vigentes, regulamentando a instituição da nomeação para as fileiras científicas. Os autores geralmente abordam a questão da formação da abordagem conceitual para a modernização do mecanismo de regulamentação legal da nomeação de postos científicos e sugerem a melhoria do sistema de avaliação das atividades de publicação de candidatos à nomeação para postos científicos e sua transformação através da contabilidade da qualidade das realizações científicas e de ensino usando o sistema de pontos. O artigo traz à tese a necessidade de desenvolvimento do sistema de garantias sociais e materiais para o ensino científico-docente e científico e a implementação de instrumentos eficientes de estímulo à atividade de ensino e pesquisa.  Teniendo en cuenta que la educación y la ciencia en Rusia se relacionan con el número de direcciones prioritarias de la política estatal y el desarrollo comunitario, este artículo se centra en la discusión sobre el tema de la modernización del sistema de filas científicas en Rusia. Este sistema se caracteriza por la imperfección, lo que influye particularmente en la motivación del personal docente de educación superior en la actividad educativa. Los autores consideran los problemas más actuales de la condición actual de la reglamentación legal del nombramiento a filas científicas en Rusia y realizan el monitoreo sobre la inconsistencia y las contradicciones legales. El artículo contiene el análisis de la serie de sugerencias para las enmiendas a los actos jurídicos vigentes, que regulan la institución de la designación a filas científicas. Los autores generalmente cubren el tema de la formación del enfoque conceptual para la modernización del mecanismo de reglamentación legal de la designación de rangos científicos y sugieren la mejora del sistema de evaluación de las actividades de publicación de los candidatos a la designación de rangos científicos, y su transformación. a través de la contabilidad de la calidad de los logros científicos y docentes utilizando el sistema de puntos El artículo lleva a la tesis de la necesidad del desarrollo del sistema de garantías sociales y materiales para la facultad científica-docente y científica y la implementación de instrumentos eficientes para estimular su actividad docente e investigadora

Structure and properties of polymer composite based on natural zeolite

This research paper is dedicated to the possibility of expanding directions and increasing the use of natural zeolite as filler (65 – 85 %) for the manufacture of composite material. The structure of composites with varieties of copolymers (Styrene- butadiene, Styrene-acrylate) and revealed the features of the structure (open porosity 5 - 24 %) and material properties of the zeolite concentration are identified

Origin of volatiles emitted by Plinian mafic eruptions of the Chikurachki volcano, Kurile arc, Russia : trace element, boron and sulphur isotope constraints

Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2017. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here under a nonexclusive, irrevocable, paid-up, worldwide license granted to WHOI. It is made available for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Chemical Geology 478 (2018): 131-147, doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.10.009.Chikurachki is a 1816-m high stratovolcano on Paramushir Island, Kurile arc, Russia, which has repeatedly produced highly explosive eruptions of mafic composition. The present work is aimed at constraining the origin of volatile components (CO2, H2O, F, S, and Cl), along with B and S isotopic compositions in a series of phenocryst-hosted melt inclusions and groundmass glasses from basaltic andesite pyroclasts of the 1853, 1986, and prehistoric Plinian eruptions of the volcano. The ranges of volatile concentrations in melt inclusions (47–1580 μg/g CO2, 0.4–4.2 wt% H2O, 399–633 μg/g F, 619–3402 μg/g S and 805–1240 μg/g Cl) imply a sudden pressure release from ~ 460 through ~ 35 MPa that corresponds to ~ 1.2–16-km-depth range of magma ascent upon decompression. We conclude that rapid ascent of the volatile-rich basaltic magmas from ~ 16-km initial depth accompanied by near-surface bubble nucleation and growth, and subsequent magma fragmentation appear to be a primary reason for the Plinian character of the Chikurachki eruptions. Significant negative correlations of S with K, Zr, Nb, Ba, La, Ce, Pr (R = − 0.8 to − 0.9), no clear relationships of S with H2O, CO2 and Cl, but strong positive correlations of S/K2O with H2O/K2O, Cl/K2O and F/K2O preclude magma degassing to be the only process affecting volatile concentrations dissolved in the melt. The δ34S values of the studied inclusion and groundmass glasses range from − 1.6 to + 12.3‰, decrease with decreasing S, show significant positive correlations with H2O/K2O, Cl/K2O and F/Zr, and negative correlations with a number of incompatible trace elements. Neither open- nor close-system magma degassing can account for the observed range of δ34S. The δ11B values of the melt inclusions range from − 7.0 to + 2.4‰ with 13–23 μg/g B. The relationships of δ11B with B/K2O and B/Nb are inconsistent with magma contamination at shallow crustal depths. Linear character of 1/S vs. δ34S relationship suggests two-component mixing. The possible mixing end-members could be the magmas having similar major and trace element compositions, but strongly contrasting volatile contents and S isotopes. Based on the behaviour of fluid-mobile vs. fluid-immobile incompatible trace elements, we conclude that the subduction component likely represents a mixture of subduction sediment-derived melt with up to 60% of slab-derived fluid. Admixture of ~ 1–8% of the inferred subduction component to the depleted mantle wedge source is required to account for the compositional range of the Chikurachki melt inclusions, and ~ 0.4–10% to constrain the composition of Kurile arc mafic magmas.This work was benefited from the NENIMF financial support of AAG during his training as a SIMS research specialist, the NSF grant EAR 0911093 to AAG, and partially from the Russian Science Foundation grant #16-17-10145 to VSK and MEZ

Copper-Containing Magnesioferrite in Vesicular Trachyandesite in a Lava Tube from the 2012-2013 Eruption of the Tolbachik Volcano, Kamchatka, Russia

Cu-rich magnesioferrite was found in vesicular basaltic trachyandesite in one of lava tubes (Duplex) that formed during the 2012-2013 eruption of the Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka. This mineral is commonly associated with hematite, tenorite, halite, sylvite, and Ca-rich silicates (mainly, esseneite and Na-rich melilite) in high-temperature (800-1000 degrees C) reactionary zones (up to 100 mu m) covering vesicular rocks and lava stalactites in the Duplex tube. The mineral relationships of this assemblage indicate the following crystallization sequence: Ca-rich silicates + hematite -> Cu-rich magnesioferrite -> tenorite -> chlorides. This formed due to the reaction of hot gases containing Cu, alkalis, and Cl with solidified lava rock. The composition of magnesioferrite varies strongly in CuO (5.8-17.3 wt %; cuprospinel end-member-15-47 mol %), whereas the contents of other oxides are minor, indicating the main isomorphic substitution is Mg2+ Cu2+. Compositions with maximal CuO content nominally belong to Mg-rich cuprospinel: (Cu0.48Mg0.41Mn0.09Zn0.02Ca0.02) (Fe1.943+Al0.03Ti0.02)O-4. Increasing CuO content of the Duplex Cu-rich magnesioferrite is reflected in Raman spectra by moderate right shifting bands at approximate to 700-710 and 200-210 cm(-1) and the appearance of an additional band at 596 cm(-1). This supports the main isomorphic scheme and may indicate a degree of inversion in the spinel structure.Peer reviewe

МЕТОДИ ОЧИЩЕННЯ ГАЗОВИХ ВИКИДІВ ВІД ХІМІЧНО-НЕБЕЗПЕЧНИХ РЕЧОВИН ДЛЯ ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ФІЛЬТРУВАЛЬНИХ СИСТЕМ

A wide variety of sources of emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere, differing in nature and concentration of harmful substances, temperature, pressure, periodicity and duration of release, the presence of associated impurities in the exhaust gases determine the choice of a rational method and equipment for gas purification. In the arsenal of air pollution protection techniques, there are numerous absorption, adsorption, catalytic, thermal and other methods of gas purification. The methods of purification of gaseous emissions depending on the physical and chemical properties of pollutants, in particular chemical-dangerous, their aggregate state, concentration in the gas environment are considered. The influence of aerosol content such as dust and soot; the efficiency of cleaning methods at different temperature intervals, methods of cleaning multicomponent mixtures. The comparative characteristics of thermochemical, reagent, sorption and catalytic methods are given and the prospects of their application in the filter systems of stationary and mobile objects are estimated.Рассмотрены методы очистки газообразных выбросов в зависимости от физико-химических свойств загрязняющих веществ, в том числе химически опасных, их агрегатного состояния, концентрации в газовой среде. Проанализировано влияние содержания аэрозолей, таких как пыль и сажа; работоспособность методов очистки в различных температурных интервалах, способы очистки многокомпонентных смесей. Приведена сравнительная характеристика термохимических, реагентных, сорбционных и каталитических методов и оценены перспективы их применения в фильтровальных системах стационарных и мобильных объектов.Розглянуто методи очищення газоподібних викидів залежно від фізико-хімічних властивостей забруднювальних речовин, зокрема хімічно-небезпечних, їх агрегатного стану, концентрації в газовому середовищі. Проаналізовано вплив вмісту аерозолів, таких як пил і сажа; працездатність методів очищення в різних температурних інтервалах, способи очищення багатокомпонентних сумішей. Наведено порівняльну характеристику термохімічних, реагентних, сорбційних і каталітичних методів та оцінено перспективи їх застосування в фільтрувальних системах стаціонарних і мобільних об’єктів