Determination of flavonoids content in coloured peas (Pisum sativum L.) In relation to cultivar’s dependence and storage duration under natural conditions

Our attention is being given especially to four representative flavonoids: kaempherol, apigenin, genistein and daidzein. These flavonoids were studied in the seeds of colored varieties of dry pea. Isocratic HPLC analysis with DAD detection after acid hydrolysis of samples was performed. The differences of flavonoid contents in individual pea varieties were not significant. The determined values of  flavonoids in green peas were: daidzein 1,746-2,688 mg.kg-1, genistein  0,412-0,706 mg.kg-1, kaempherol 0,621-1,484 mg.kg-1, apigenin 0,261-0,479 mg.kg-1. Yellow varieties of pea contained between 0,375-0,779 mg.kg-1 daidzein, 0,115-0,158 mg.kg-1 genistein, kaempherol 0,742-1,314 mg.kg-1, apigenin  0,462-0,698 mg.kg-1. Also the changes in content of chosen flavonoids in pea in the dependence on variety in dried legumes stored under natural conditions were surveyed. From the results it came out that in interval 7 month the content of all observed flavonoids declined in dry material (in some cases even to non-detectable levels).

Input of cadmium from soil into lentil and fababean seeds

In the plant, the polyphenols create in the defense mechanism against stress conditions, such as heavy metals. In view of the above aspects, therefore we will work focused on monitoring the influence of accumulation of cadmium on the formation of polyphenols in lentil and faba bean in a model vegetation conditions, in which have been deliberately added dose of Cd with 5,10,15 multiple as the limit value claimed by the limits of the Law no. 220/2004 Z.z. to assess the state of soil contamination. In all scenarios exceed the maximum permitted levels for Food Codex SR for cadmium in grains of both crops. Influence of soil contamination on the content of polyphenols was significantly confirmed, although the content of polyphenols in some variants show some tendency with increasing dose of heavy metal, but results both indicate that the formation of polyphenols (as response to stress) is probably genetically determined

Minerals, trace elements and flavonoids content in white and coloured kidney bean

The aim of the study was to determine the contents of mineral elements (Ca, K, Mg, N, P), trace elements (Cu, Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb, Ni, Co, Cr, and Zn), and certain phenolic compounds (flavonoids, isoflavones) in the fourteen varieties of cultivated raw kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).Heavy metals and mineral elements were analyzed by AAS methods, phenolics were detected by HPLC. Compared with vegetables, legumes proved to be a good source of many minerals and elements, e.g., the contents of K, Mg, P, Fe, and Zn varied in the ranges 13.02 - 23.08 g.kg-1, 1.41 - 2.52 g.kg-1, 3.81 - 5.26 g.kg-1, 0.064 - 0.121 g.kg-1, and 0.026 - 0.037 g.kg-1 dw, respectively. Kidney beans, both species, contained no or few amounts of phenolics (only four cultivars) and the levels of kaempferol and apigenin were comparable to isoflavone genistein and quite higher than isoflavon daidzein content

Effect of the addition of hydrocolloids on the rheological and baking properties of the products with added spelt flour (Triticum spelta L.)

The paper presents the results of the evaluation of the effect of additives on the rheological properties of composite flour made of wheat flour in the amount of 70% and spelt flour at 30%. As additives guar gum (0.5% by weight of flour) and xanthan gum (0.16% by weight of flour) were used. Properties of produced control dough and doughs with hydrocolloids were evaluated by means of rheological appliances by Farinograph, Extenzograph, Amylograph and Rheofermentometer. Based on the observed results it can be concluded that the addition of xanthan gum has a positive effect on increasing of farinographic water absorption capacity, extension of dough development time and dough stability and generally positively affected farinographic properties. The addition of guar gum has improved especially extensographic properties as extensographic energy and extensographic resistance. Based on amylographic evaluation of control doughs and doughs with additives it can be stated that in the dough with guar gum the amylographic maximum has slightly increased. Hydrocolloid guar gum contributed to an increased retention capacity of dough observed. Based on our measurements we can indicate that addition of guar and xanthan gum contributed to an increased rheological quality of doughs prepared with addition of flour from spelt wheat. With reference to the baking experiment it was found that the use of hydrocolloids has a positive effect on the improvement of the baking properties, in particular larger volume, specific volume, and the volume yield of the dough with the addition of guar and xanthan gum compared to the control. Our results showed that aditives significantly influenced rheological qualities of dough and a baking quality of products. These findings thus allow optimizing the recipe in order to increase the technological quality of leavened bakery products

Polyphenols in chosen species of legume - a review

Legumes belongs to the most important grain for human consumption. They have been cultivated for thousands of years, and have played an important role in the traditional diets of many regions throughout the world. The most legumes are widely consumed in fresh and processed forms. The traditional way of legume preparation includes soaking in water following by cooking and are usually consumed boiled as soup, occasionally as roasted grains too. Legume are widely known for their nutraceutical value, but there is relatively little information about their polyphenols content (with the exception of soya). Inspite of the fact that phenolics in general are not the substances with nutritious value, the interest in them is still persisting for their positive effects on human health. For these reasons this short review is focused on summary of legume polyphenols – identification and quantification of phenolic acids, flavonoids and tannins in raw or processed legumes and their role in these crops. Monitoring and surveying of the changes of polyphenolic compounds contents thus complete knowledge about bioactive substances content in legumes species. And seeing that legumes are considered an ideal complement to cereals in diets, they gain increasing attention as functional food items

The content of polyphenols and chosen heavy metals in faba bean (Faba vulgaris Moench) relating to different doses of zinc application

We investigated the impact of zinc on chosen heavy metals contents (Cu, Zn, Co, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni) and polyphenols content and antioxidant capacity of chosen legume. Used soil was from Cakajovce locality (located in Nitra upland) with the neutral soil reaction suitable for the legume cultivation. Determined Cd content as well as Pb content in the soil was on the level of critical value given for the relationship between soil and plant. The values of both elements were far below threshold values proposed by European Commission. In experiment we used two cultivars of fababean - Saturn, Zobor. Seeds of fababean were harvested in milk ripeness. The different high doses of zinc (as ZnSO4.7H2O) were applied into the uncontaminated soil in model conditions. The strong statistical relationship between added Zn content in the soil and in seeds of both faba bean cultivars as well as was the total polyphenols content and the total antioxidant capacity values was confirmed. In all variants the determined Zn amount was below (Saturn) or slightly above (Zobor) the hygienic limit given by the legislative. On the other hand faba bean of both cultivars accumulated high amounts of Pb and Cd - in all variants higher than hygienic limits. The contents of all other heavy metals (Ni, Co, Cr, Cu) were lower than hygienic limits. The polyphenols content ranged from 2208 to 4622 milligrams per kilogram of fresh sample calculated as gallic acid equivalents. Faba bean shows a very small antioxidant capacity - 4.66 - 5.71% of DPPH inhibition

The role of sulphur on the content of total polyphenols and antioxidant activity in onion (Allium cepa L.)

Sulphur is one of the most important elements in plants. Sulphur also positive influences on growth functions (nitrogen metabolism, enzyme activity and protein and oil synthesis), yield and quality bulbs of onion. In this experiment was watched the progress of making the total polyphenols content in different levels of fertilizer sulphur in onion during vegetation. In the work we watched also the influence of sulphur fertilization on the antioxidant activity. Sulphur was added in amounts 7.3 mg.kg-1 S, 11 mg.kg-1 S and 14,6 mg.kg-1 S. Samples of fresh onion we collected at the beginning, in the middle and in the end of vegetation period and we prepared an extract: 50 g cut onion extracted by 100 ml 80% ethanol according sixteen hours. These extracts were used for experiment. The content of total polyphenols was estimated by using Folin-Ciocalteau reagent. The absorbance was measured at 765 nm of wave length against blank. Antioxidant activity was measured using a compound DPPH˙ (2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) at 515.6 nm in the spectrophotometer. Our values of total polyphenolic content during vegetation period  were in range from 508.16 ±27.59 mg.kg-1 to 638.2 ±12.84 mg.kg-1. The highest content of total polyphenolics was recorded at the end of the vegetation period (638.32 ±12.84 mg.kg-1) in III. sampling (incorporation of sulphur in quantity of 14.6 mg S.kg-1soil). This increase was statistically significant (P-value = 2.10-3). The lowest content of total polyphenols was measured in  the middle of vegetation period  (415.41 ±13.32 mg.kg-1) in II. sampling (incorporation of sulphur in quantity of 11 mg S.kg-1soil). Another indicator that has been evaluated and compared was the influence of sulphur fertilization on the antioxidant activity. The highest values of antioxidant activity were recorded at the end of vegetation period in all variants. The lowest value of antioxidant activity (25.41 ±7.67%) was measured in three sampling in II.variant

The effect of intesification factors to total antioxidant activity of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) and lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.)

Public attention is increasingly drawn to the protective effects of natural antioxidants against civilization diseases. An important source of antioxidants are berries, which until recently has received little attention, but the latest research towards the right to it. The phenolic profile and quantitative composition of blueberries as well as the corresponding antioxidant activity of blueberries is well documented. The aim of this paper was the determination of the relationship between different methods of fertilization and total antioxidant activity of six selected varieties of blueberries and five varieties of lingonberries. Each sample of blueberry varieties (Bluejay, Nelson, Bluecrop, Patriot, Berkeley and Brigitta) and lingonberry varieties (Koralle, Ida, Sanna, Linnea and Sussi) were collected from the research station Krivá in Orava. The values of total antioxidant activity of the extracts of studied varieties of blueberry after organic fertilization ranged from 27.15 to 52.25 μg.mg-1 eq. Trolox. After mineral fertilization, the values of total antioxidant activity of the extracts of studied varieties of blueberry ranged from 21.27 to 51.00 μg.mg-1 eq. Trolox. In the control treatment, the values of total antioxidant activity of the extracts of studied varieties of blueberry ranged from 26.99 to 54.15 μg.mg-1 eq. Trolox. The values of values ​​of total antioxidant activity of the extracts of studied varieties of lingonberry after organic fertilization ranged from 42.49 to 60.27 μg.mg-1 eq. Trolox. After mineral fertilization, the values of total antioxidant activity of the extracts of studied varieties of lingonberry were in the interval from 38.85 to 55.15 μg.mg-1 eq. Trolox. In the variant without fertilization, the values of total antioxidant activity of the extracts of studied varieties of lingonberry ranged from 37.16 to 65.11 μg.mg-1 eq. Trolox. The application of organic fertilizer has a positive effect to increasing values of antioxidant activity in blueberries and lingonberries. It should be noted that the value of the total antioxidant activity is significantly influenced by the rainfall

Risk of contamination of wild berries from upper Orava region by cadmium

The upper Orava region is located at the North Slovakia, near of potential sources of environmental contamination due by mining of coal, zinc and lead ores. The aim of the study was to evaluate the risk of consumption of wild forest fruit from Upper Orava region from the aspect of cadmium content. Ten sampling points were found by random search. From these points samples of soil, leaves and fruits of wild berries (9 samples of blueberries Vaccinium Myrtillus and 1 sample of strawberries Fragaria Vesca) were collected. In soil samples the active soil reaction (pH/H2O) ranged from 3.53 (strong acidity) to 4.56 (extremly strong acidity), and the determined percentage of humus ranged from 1.66 (low humic soil) to 4.90 (high humic soil).  In two soil samples the total content of cadmium determinated in soil extracts by aqua regia exceeded limit 0.70 mg.kg-1 given by the legislation in tne Slovak Republic. In three soil samples the determined content of cadmium mobile forms determined in soil extracts by NH4NO3 exceeded the limit 0.10 mg.kg-1. The content of Cd determined in leaves as well as in fruits was evaluated according to Food Codex of the Slovak Republic. Only in one sample of leaf samples the limit 1.00 mg.kg-1 was exceeded. The other leaf samples are safely when used as an ingredient in tea mixtures. On the other hand even in 7 fruit samples the limit 0.05 mg.kg-1 was exceeded. This fruit can pose a risk for the human organism when is directly consumed as well as may negatively affect the human health when is used as raw materials in the food industry.

Hormonal changes in spring barley after triazine herbicide treatment and its mixtures of regulators of polyamine biosynthesis

Plants adapt to abiotic stress by undergoing diverse biochemical and physiological changes that involve hormone-dependent signalling pathways. The effects of regulators of polyamine biosynthesis can be mimicked by exogenous chemical regulators such as herbicide safeners, which not only enhance stress tolerance but also confer hormetic benefits such as increased vigor and yield. The phytohormones, abscisic acid (ABA) and auxin (IAA) play key roles in regulating stress responses in plants. Two years pot trials at Slovak University of agriculture Nitra were carried out with analyses of contents of plant hormones in spring barley grain of variety Kompakt: indolyl-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA), after exposing of tested plants to herbicide stress, as well as the possible decrease of these stress factors with application of regulators of polyamine synthesis was evaluated. At 1st year in spring barley grain after application of solo triazine herbicide treatment in dose 0,5 L.ha-1 an increase of all analyzed plant hormones was observed and contrary, at 2nd year there was the decrease of their contents. From our work there is an obvious influence of herbicide stress induced by application of certain dose of triazine herbicide at 1st year. Expect of the variant with mixture of triazine herbicide (in amount of 0,5 L.ha-1) and 29,6 g.ha-1 DAB, at this year all by us applied regulators of polyamine synthesis reduced the level of both plant hormones. Higher affect of stress caused by enhanced content of soluble macroelements in soil where the plants of barley were grown was observed next year. Soil with increased contents of macronutrients (mg.kg-1): N30.7 + P108.3 + K261.5 + Mg604.2 had reducing effect on contents of plant hormones in barley grain at variant treated with solo triazine herbicide (in dose at 0,5 L.ha-1) in comparison to control variant. The mixtures of regulators of polyamine synthesis reduced the contents of IAA only in comparison to control variant. Decline in amount of ABA in barley grain was observed only after treatment with GABA, also in comparison to variant treated with water. Other mixtures of morphoregulators in combination with herbicide had not strong influence on contents of tested plant hormones in barley grain of variety Kompakt