Archetypal analysis: Contributions for estimating boundary cases in multivariete accommodation problem

[EN] The use of archetypal analysis is proposed in order to determine a set of representative cases that entail a certain percentage of the population, in the accommodation problem. A well-known anthropometric database has been used in order to compare our methodology with the common used PCA-approach, showing the advantages of our methodology: the level of accommodation is reached unlike the PCA approach, no more adjustments are necessary, the user can decide the number of archetypes to consider or leave the selection by a criterion. Unlike PCA, the objective of the archetypal analysis is obtaining extreme individuals, so it is the appropriate statistical technique for solving this type of problem. Archetypes cannot be obtained with PCA even if we consider all the components, as we show in the application.This work has been partially supported by Grants CICYT TIN2009-14392-C02-01, CICYT TIN2009-14392-C02-02, MTM2009-14500-C02-02, GV/2011/004 and Bancaixa-UJI P11A2009-02.Epifanio, I.; Vinue, G.; Alemany Mut, MS. (2013). Archetypal analysis: Contributions for estimating boundary cases in multivariete accommodation problem. Computers and Industrial Engineering. 64(3):757-765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2012.01175776564

Child t-shirt size data set from 3D body scanner anthropometric measurements and a questionnaire

[EN] A dataset of a fit assessment study in children is presented. Anthropometric measurements of 113 children were obtained using a 3D body scanner. Children tested a t-shirt of different sizes and a different model for boys and girls, and their fit was assessed by an expert. This expert labeled the fit as 0 (correct), ¿1 (if the garment was small for that child), or 1 (if the garment was large for that child) in an ordered factor called Size-fit. Moreover, the fit was numerically assessed from 1 (very poor fit) to 10 (perfect fit) in a variable called Expert evaluation. This data set contains the differences between the reference mannequin of the evaluated size and the child¿s anthropometric measurements for 27 variables. Besides these variables, in the data set, we can also find the gender, the size evaluated, and the size recommended by the expert, including if an intermediate, but nonexistent size between two consecutive sizes would have been the right size. In total, there are 232 observations. The analysis of these data can be found in Pierola et al. (2016) [2].This work has been partially supported by Grants DPI2013-47279-C2-1-R and DPI2013-47279-C2-2-R.Pierola, A.; Epifanio, I.; Alemany Mut, MS. (2017). Child t-shirt size data set from 3D body scanner anthropometric measurements and a questionnaire. Data in Brief. 11:311-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.02.025S3113151

A Methodology to Create 3D Body Models in Motion

[EN] Size, shape and posture are fundamental features of digital human models (DHM) to obtain accurate virtual simulations of the ergonomics of products and environments. Research on 3D body scanning, processing and modelling have enabled the generation of avatars representing specific populations and morphotypes in standing and seated postures being the basis to define size and shape of DHM. Posture is implemented with biomechanical models of the human movement. Most of the research is focused on posture control and movement tracking to analyze the variability in different contexts (e.g. driving, performing a working task). Motion capture technology used for this purpose, requires a limited number of sensors or reflective markers attached to the body according to the definition of body segments. 3D body scanning and motion capture are both technologies currently used to analyze human body shape and biomechanics to apply it to enhance digital human models. These technologies may converge on the so-called temporal 3D scanners or 4D scanners, a new technology recently developed to scan the body in motion. With this technology, it is possible to obtain sequences of dense 3D point clouds representing the movement of the body. In this paper, a novel methodology to create realistic 3D body models in motion is proposed. This method is supported by a new 4D scanning system (Move 4D) and a data driven-model. Move4D is a modular photogrammetry-based 4D scanning system. It consists of a set of 12 synchronized modules to scan full bodies with texture in motion. It can capture up to 180 fps with a resolution of 2 mm. The algorithms have been conceived and optimized to automatically process the series of raw point clouds captured. They rely on a data-driven body model including shape, pose and soft-tissue deformation trained with a large database and a deep learning model. The process is fully automatic and does not require any interactive landmarking or revision. The 3D outcome of this methodology is one noise-and artefact-free watertight mesh per frame and a model of shape, pose and soft-tissue that can be rigged with a 23-joint skeleton. This type of outcome permits their use for many applications such as simulations, augmented and virtual reality (AR/VR) or biomechanical analysis purposes.The research presented in this paper have been developed within the projects IMDEEA/2020/85 and MDEEA/2020/87. Funding requested to Instituto Valenciano de Competitividad Empresarial (IVACE), call for proposals 2020 for Technology Centers of the Comunitat Valenciana, co-funded by ERDF Funds, EU Operational Program of the Comunitat Valenciana 2014-2020.Parrilla Bernabé, E.; Ruescas, A.; Solves, J.; Ballester Fernandez, A.; Nacher Fernandez, B.; Alemany Mut, MS.; Garrido Jaen, JD. (2020). A Methodology to Create 3D Body Models in Motion. Springer. 309-314. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51064-0_39S309314Scataglini, S., Paul, G.: DHM and Posturography. Academic Press, London (2019)Zakaria, N., Gupta, D.: Anthropometry, Apparel Sizing and Design. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge (2019)Liberadzki, P., Adamczyk, M., Witkowski, M., Sitnik, R.: Structured-light-based system for shape measurement of the human body in motion. Sensors 18, 2827 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/s18092827Parrilla, E., Ballester, A., Parra, P., Ruescas, A., Uriel, J., Garrido, D., Alemany, S.: MOVE 4D: accurate high-speed 3D body models in motion. In: Proceedings of 3DBODY.TECH 2019, Lugano, Switzerland, 22–23 October 2019, pp. 30–32 (2019). https://doi.org/10.15221/19.03

Study on controllable and uncontrollable factors affecting foot shape

Ballester Fernandez, A.; Pierola, A.; Solves Camallonga, C.; Parrilla Bernabé, E.; Uriel-Molto, J.; Zaimi-Tortajada, IIM.; Page Del Pozo, AF.... (2019). Study on controllable and uncontrollable factors affecting foot shape. Footwear Science. 11(Sup1):123-125. https://doi.org/10.1080/19424280.2019.1606113S12312511Sup1BALLESTER, A., PIEROLA, A., PARRILLA, E., IZQUIERDO, M., URIEL, J., NACHER, B., … ALEMANY, S. (2017). Fast, Portable and Low-Cost 3D Foot Digitizers: Validity and Reliability of Measurements. Proceedings of 3DBODY.TECH 2017 - 8th International Conference and Exhibition on 3D Body Scanning and Processing Technologies, Montreal QC, Canada, 11-12 Oct. 2017. doi:10.15221/17.218Houston, V. L., Luo, G., Mason, C. P., Mussman, M., Garbarini, M., & Beattie, A. C. (2006). Changes in Male Foot Shape and Size with Weightbearing. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, 96(4), 330-343. doi:10.7547/0960330Moholkar, K., & Fenelon, G. (2001). Diurnal variations in volume of the foot and ankle. The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 40(5), 302-304. doi:10.1016/s1067-2516(01)80066-1XIONG, S., GOONETILLEKE, R. S., ZHAO, J., LI, W., & WITANA, C. P. (2009). Foot deformations under different load-bearing conditions and their relationships to stature and body weight. Anthropological Science, 117(2), 77-88. doi:10.1537/ase.07091

BASE PROTECTION, apuesta por la tecnología del IBV para recomendar el modelo y la talla de calzado que mejor se ajusta a cada usuario

[ES] Para que un sistema de recomendación de talla de calzado se considere fiable debe fundamentarse en el ajuste o relación entre la forma interior del calzado y la forma del pie. Para ello es clave el escaneado preciso del pie en 3D y la generación de modelos estadísticos para la predicción del ajuste. Para su transferencia a las empresas, la tecnología debe ser fácilmente integrable en su modelo de negocio y escalable. El Instituto de Biomecánica (IBV) cuenta con la tecnología y las herramientas para escanear el pie del usuario y usar esta información para la selección del modelo y la talla de calzado que mejor se ajusta a cada usuario. También permite asignar la anatomía de la plantilla que mejor se adapta a la forma del pie. El IBV ha colaborado con la empresa BASE PROTECTION licenciando la app 3D Avatar Feet/IBV, que captura la forma del pie con tan solo 3 fotos, y adaptando los algoritmos que permiten asignar la talla del calzado que mejor se ajusta, así como la plantilla más adecuada a cada usuario en función de su anatomía plantarSolves Camallonga, C.; Gonzalez Garcia, JC.; Gil Mora, S.; Ballester Fernandez, A.; Valero Zorraquino, J.; Nacher Fernandez, B.; Alemany Mut, MS. (2020). BASE PROTECTION, apuesta por la tecnología del IBV para recomendar el modelo y la talla de calzado que mejor se ajusta a cada usuario. Revista de Biomecánica (Online). (67):1-5. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/176144S156

Safety tennis courts ensuring performance of players

[EN] Shoe surface interaction is a key factor in tennis due to this is a very quick play. A poor friction normally will mean slips and lost points, and an excessive friction will probably cause injuries due to high loads in joints like knee and ankle. In this sense, the objective of the project coordinated by ITF and developed in collaboration with IBV, Sheffield University and INCOTEC, is to develop a device to evaluate shoe-surface interaction in tennis courts and to identify the optimum friction of clay surfaces.[ES] El tenis es un deporte que se desarrolla a una velocidad considerable y en el que la interacción entre el calzado y la superficie de juego tiene un papel fundamental. Un agarre insuficiente de la pista implicará, en la mayoría de los casos, la pérdida de un punto por parte del jugador y un agarre desmesurado puede provocar lesiones articulares por cargas excesivas. En este sentido, el proyecto coordinado por la Federación Internacional de Tenis (ITF), en el que colabora el Instituto de Biomecánica (IBV) junto con INCOTEC y la Universidad de Sheffield, tiene por objetivo desarrollar un sistema de medida de la interacción calzado-pavimento, así como los criterios a tener en cuenta para determinar si una pista es apta o no para la práctica del tenis.Sanchís Almenara, M.; Alcantara Alcover, E.; Gimeno Peña, S.; Magraner Llavador, L.; Parrilla Bernabé, E.; Moraga Maestre, R.; Matey González, FJ.... (2013). Pistas de tenis seguras que garantizan el espectáculo. Revista de biomecánica. 60:18-20. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/38693S18206

BOXIAL: La solución IBV para el escaneado 3D de espumas fenólicas y pies en descarga

[EN] El Instituto de Biomecánica (IBV) ha desarrollado BOXIAL, un sistema de escaneado 3D para la digitalización de espumas fenólicas y pies en descarga, basado en un iPad y un sensor de profundidad. Esta herramienta permite obtener, en pocos segundos, superficies 3D de alta calidad compatibles con el principal software de diseño CAD de ortesis plantares. El diseño de BOXIAL orientado al usuario, muy intuitivo y fácil de usar, contribuirá a mejorar la eficiencia operativa y a automatizar la comunicación entre clínicas podológicas y la central de fabricación, reduciendo tasas de errores, costes y tiemposAl IVACE y Fondos FEDER por el apoyo del proyecto dentro del programa de Ayudas para proyectos de I+D del IVACE (código de proyecto IMDEEA/2019/18)Piqueras Fiszman, P.; Soriano-López, LF.; Alemany Mut, MS.; Garrido Jaen, JD.; Montero Vilela, J.; Silva García, J.; Gamón Sanz, A.... (2020). BOXIAL: La solución IBV para el escaneado 3D de espumas fenólicas y pies en descarga. Revista de Biomecánica (Online). (67):1-6. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/171692S166

Desarrollo metodológico de un estudio antropométrico nacional mediante tecnología de digitalización 3D

Proyecto ConfidencialAlemany Mut, MS. (2013). Desarrollo metodológico de un estudio antropométrico nacional mediante tecnología de digitalización 3D. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/28716.Archivo delegad

An ensemble of ordered logistic regression and random forest for child garment size matching

Size fitting is a significant problem for online garment shops. The return rates due to size misfit are very high. We propose an ensemble (with an original and novel definition of the weights) of ordered logistic regression and random forest (RF) for solving the size matching problem, where ordinal data should be classified. These two classifiers are good candidates for combined use due to their complementary characteristics. A multivariate response (an ordered factor and a numeric value assessing the fit) was considered with a conditional random forest. A fit assessment study was carried out with 113 children. They were measured using a 3D body scanner to obtain their anthropometric measurements. Children tested different garments of different sizes, and their fit was assessed by an expert. Promising results have been achieved with our methodology. Two new measures have been introduced based on RF with multivariate responses to gain a better understanding of the data. One of them is an intervention in prediction measure defined locally and globally. It is shown that it is a good alternative to variable importance measures and it can be used for new observations and with multivariate responses. The other proposed tool informs us about the typicality of a case and allows us to determine archetypical observations in each class. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.This work has been partially supported by Grants DPI2013-47279-C2-1-R and DPI2013-47279-C2-2-R.Pierola, A.; Epifanio, I.; Alemany Mut, MS. (2016). An ensemble of ordered logistic regression and random forest for child garment size matching. Computers and Industrial Engineering. 101:455-465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2016.10.013S45546510

Looking for representative fit models for apparel sizing

This paper is concerned with the generation of optimal fit models for use in apparel design. Representative fit models or prototypes are important for defining a meaningful sizing system. However, there is no agreement among apparel manufacturers and each one has their own prototypes and size charts i.e. there is a lack of standard sizes in garments from different apparel manufacturers. We propose two algorithms based on a new hierarchical partitioning around medoids clustering method originally developed for gene expression data. We are concerned with a different application; therefore, the dissimilarity between the objects has to be different and must be designed to deal with anthropometric features. Furthermore, one of the algorithms incorporates a different rule to split the clusters, which, in our case, provides better results. Our procedures not only make it possible to obtain optimal prototypes, but also to detect outliers. These outliers should be removed before defining prototypes so that the companies' market share can be optimized. All the analyses are performed using the anthropometric database obtained from a survey of the Spanish female population.This paper has been partially supported by the following grants: TIN2009-14392-C02-01, TIN2009-14392-C02-02. We would like to thank the Biomechanics Institute of Valencia for providing us with the data set and the Spanish Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs for having commissioned and coordinated the "Anthropometric Study of the Female Population in Spain". We would also like to thank the anonymous referee for some very valuable comments and suggestions, which helped to greatly improve this paper.Vinue, G.; Leon, T.; Alemany Mut, MS.; Ayala Gallego, G. (2014). Looking for representative fit models for apparel sizing. Decision Support Systems. 57:22-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2013.07.007S22335