Проблема облучения радоном в зданиях повышенного класса энергоэффективности

The paper presents an overview of the international scientific and technical publications on a problem of radon accumulation in new energy efficient buildings and in houses reconstructed according to requirements of energy saving. Energy efficiency is an important requirement of the environmentally sustainable development. Housing and communal services have significant potential for energy saving. In Russia, the construction of highest energy efficiency classes buildings occurs at an accelerated rate and reached 75% of all multiapartment houses built in 2017. The applying of modern technologies that reduce heat loss is accompanied by a decrease in the air exchange rate, which leads to deterioration of indoor air quality, in particular, the accumulation of radon. In the international literature, there are examples of the several times growth of radon concentration after the reconstruction of the building, the average radon concentration in retrofitted buildings increased by 22–120%. In new houses built to meet energy saving requirements, there can also be a significant increase in radon concentration compared to low-energy efficiency classes houses. Excess of sanitary and hygienic norms was found in some countries, including Russia. Radon exposure of dwellers of energy-efficient buildings is largely determined by the living habits. Based on the review data, it can be assumed that the average level of Russian population exposure to radon can increase under conditions of intensive construction of energy-efficient buildings.В настоящей статье представлен обзор международной научно-технической литературы по проблеме накопления радона в новых энергоэффективных зданиях и в домах, реконструированных с учетом требований энергосбережения. Энергоэффективность является важным условием перехода к экологически устойчивому развитию. Значительным потенциалом энергосбережения обладает жилищно-коммунальное хозяйство. В России строительство зданий наивысших классов энергоэффективности происходит ускоренными темпами и достигло в 2017 г. 75% от общего числа сданных в эксплуатацию многоквартирных домов. Внедрение современных технологий, снижающих теплопотери, сопровождается снижением кратности воздухообмена, что приводит к ухудшению качества воздуха помещений, в частности – к накоплению радона. В международной литературе приводятся примеры роста объемной активности радона в несколько раз после реконструкции здания, средняя объемная активность радона в модернизированных зданиях повышалась на 22–120%. В новых домах, построенных с соблюдением требований к энергосбережению, также может происходить значительное увеличение объемной активности радона по сравнению с домами низкого класса энергоэффективности. В отдельных помещениях, в том числе в России, обнаружено превышение санитарно-гигиенических нормативов. Облучение радоном жильцов энергоэффективных зданий в значительной степени определяется режимом содержания помещения. На основе данных обзора можно предполагать, что в условиях интенсивного строительства энергоэффективных зданий в России средний уровень облучения населения радоном может повыситься

Seasonal Variation of Radon Concentrations in Russian Residential High-Rise Buildings

Assessment of the annual radon concentration is often required in indoor radon surveys of territories and individual dwellings for comparison with reference levels, studying factors affecting radon accumulation in dwellings, assessment of exposure in epidemiological studies, etc. The indoor radon surveys were carried out in multistorey buildings in eight Russian cities using solid state nuclear track detectors with an exposure period of three months. For these surveys, the estimation of annual indoor radon concentration was required to compare radon levels in buildings of high- and low-energy-efficiency classes located in different cities. To develop approaches to seasonal normalization in high-rise buildings, long-term one-hour radon concentration series obtained applying radon-monitors in 20 flats were analyzed. The dependency of indoor radon concentration on the indoor–outdoor temperature difference was studied taking into account the known natural, technogenic and anthropogenic factors affecting radon levels. The developed model of seasonal variations in multistorey buildings includes winter, summer, and demi-season periods, which differ both in ventilation intensity and dependency of radon concentration on the temperature difference. The developed model allows to estimate annual radon concentration taking into account the actual distribution of outdoor temperatures during the exposure of the track detectors

Radium-226 concentration in spring water sampled in high radon regions

Water (226)Ra concentration in springs was measured in regions with high indoor radon: Ural, North Caucasus (Russia), Niska Banja (Serbia), Piestany (Slovakia), and Issyk-Kul (Kyrgyzstan). This paper presents the results for (226)Ra concentration above 0.03 Bq l(-1). Radium in water could indicate indoor radon problem in the region and water investigation is useful at the initial stage of radon survey. Even low (226)Ra concentration in water (0.1-0.6 Bq l(-1)) caused high (226)Ra activity in travertine (up to 1500 Bq kg(-1)), which resulted in indoor radon concentration above 2000 Bq m(-3) (Niska Banja). (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.7th International Topical Meeting on Industrial Radiation and Radioisotope Measurement Application, Jun 22-27, 2008, Czech Tech univ, Prague, Czech Republi

Problem of radon exposure in energy-efficient buildings: a review

The paper presents an overview of the international scientific and technical publications on a problem of radon accumulation in new energy efficient buildings and in houses reconstructed according to requirements of energy saving. Energy efficiency is an important requirement of the environmentally sustainable development. Housing and communal services have significant potential for energy saving. In Russia, the construction of highest energy efficiency classes buildings occurs at an accelerated rate and reached 75% of all multiapartment houses built in 2017. The applying of modern technologies that reduce heat loss is accompanied by a decrease in the air exchange rate, which leads to deterioration of indoor air quality, in particular, the accumulation of radon. In the international literature, there are examples of the several times growth of radon concentration after the reconstruction of the building, the average radon concentration in retrofitted buildings increased by 22–120%. In new houses built to meet energy saving requirements, there can also be a significant increase in radon concentration compared to low-energy efficiency classes houses. Excess of sanitary and hygienic norms was found in some countries, including Russia. Radon exposure of dwellers of energy-efficient buildings is largely determined by the living habits. Based on the review data, it can be assumed that the average level of Russian population exposure to radon can increase under conditions of intensive construction of energy-efficient buildings