Comprehensive Insights into Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Introduction: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease, often affecting women of childbearing age, with periods of exacerbations and remissions. SLE can impact multiple organs, causing a range of clinical symptoms. Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) includes symptoms like headaches, seizures, anxiety disorders, cognitive dysfunctions, psychosis, and neuropathies. Its diagnosis is challenging, and treatment is complex. Purpose: This study aims to explain the pathophysiology of NPSLE, describe diagnostic methods, and summarize current treatment methods based on recent research. Methods: Databases such as PubMed, Medline, and ResearchGate were used. State of current knowledge: Early and accurate diagnosis of SLE is crucial for optimal patient management. The 2019 EULAR/ACR classification criteria have improved diagnostic precision with a weighted scoring system for diverse disease manifestations. Therapy of neuropsychiatric lupus focuses on symptom control and causal treatment, considering anti-inflammatory action or counteracting ischemic incidents. It involves immunosuppressive agents and antiplatelet or anticoagulant substances. Non-pharmacological interventions and lifestyle modifications are also important. The dynamic criteria reflect ongoing advancements in understanding SLE, emphasizing continuous research and collaboration. Conclusions: The diagnosis of NPSLE requires excluding other causes of neuropsychiatric symptoms, such as infections, endocrine disorders, or drug reactions. Diagnostic methods vary based on symptoms, including lumbar puncture, CSF analysis, EEG, cognitive function assessment, and MRI. The treatment of NPSLE focuses on symptom control and causal treatment, with therapy individualized based on symptom severity and patient burden

The effect of multiple nutritional factors on hypothyroidism - a systemic review

Objective: The study aims to investigate the impact of various supplements, namely selenium, vitamin D, zinc, magnesium, vitamin A, iodine, L-carnitine, and proteolytic enzymes, on the management of hypothyroidism, with a particular focus on Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Materials and Methods: The PubMed database was searched using the keywords „Hashimoto,” „hypothyroidism,” „sport,” „physical activity,” and „diet.” Results: Several studies show that supplements can help manage hypothyroidism. Vitamin D lowers TSH levels, with varying effects on thyroid hormones. Selenium reduces TPOAb, TGAb, and TSH levels, and boosts antioxidant activity, indicating potential immune benefits. Zinc is crucial for thyroid hormone synthesis, with supplementation improving fT3 levels. Magnesium and vitamin A together enhance thyroid function and reduce inflammation. Adequate iodine intake supports thyroid function, while both deficiency and excess can cause thyroid issues. L-carnitine reduces fatigue by enhancing energy metabolism, and proteolytic enzymes have anti-inflammatory effects, aiding autoimmune thyroid disease management. Conclusions: The study highlights the potential benefits of supplementing mentioned nutrients in managing hypothyroidism by improving thyroid function, reducing inflammation, and better overall health in hypothyroid patients. Further large-scale, long-term studies are required to confirm these findings and determine optimal dosages and combinations for better effectiveness