Supplementary document for Fundamental limits on radiative S\chi^{(2)}$ second harmonic generation - 6732005.pdf

Supplement 1: Contains necessary derivations and illustrations of concepts that support the manuscript

Flow diagram to show follow up of cohort to 3 years of age.

<p>The children included in the present analysis were those for whom a stool sample was collected at 3 years of age.</p

Prevalence of STH infections in children, parents, and other household members.

<p>Prevalence of STH infections in children is shown at regular age intervals during the first 3 years of life. The maternal stool sample was collected during the 3^rd trimester of pregnancy and from other household members soon after the child's birth.</p

Characteristics of 1,697 study participants stratified by the presence or absence of any soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infection during the first 3 years of life.

<p>P values were calculated using Chi-squared or Student's t tests, as appropriate. Ethnicity ‘other’ represents: mothers; 1,245 Mestizo/6 Indigenous; fathers 1264 Mestizo/6 Indigenous. Socioeconomic status represents tertiles of z scores obtained using a factor analysis. Overcrowding is defined as the number of people living in the household per sleeping room. STH infections were detected using direct saline, Kato-Katz and formol-ether concentration methods. SD – standard deviation. Infection intensities were estimated using the Kato-Katz method. STH infection intensity categories were: <i>A. lumbricoides</i> (light- <5,000 eggs per gramme of stool [epg];; moderate = 5,000–49,999; heavy – ≥50,000); <i>T. trichiura</i> (light - <1,000 epg; moderate – 1,000–9,999; heavy – ≥10,000).</p><p>*Treatments with any of: albendazole, mebendazole, oxantel/pyrantel, piperazine, nitazoxanide, and flubendazole. Numbers of missing values (brackets) were: gestational age (312), maternal ethnicity (6), paternal ethnicity (54), paternal educational level (140), household overcrowding (304), maternal STH infection (9), and paternal STH infection (1100).</p

Model of the potential effects of risk factors on the risk of STH infections.

<p>The model shows potential effects of environmental and socioeconomic risk factors on risk of STH infections in early childhood and morbidity. Potential interventions to reduce risk of infection are illustrated with red crosses.</p

Univariate and multivariable polytomous logistic regressions for factors associated with age of first infection with any STH parasite.

<p>Multivariable analyses included data from 1,381 children for whom we had complete data. Associations between risk factors and age at first infection were compared to children without any infection in the first 3 years of life using univariate and multivariable multinomial logistic regression. STH were detected using all 3 microscopic detection methods. Variables with more than 2 groups in <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002718#pntd-0002718-t001" target="_blank">Tables 1</a> and <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002718#pntd-0002718-t002" target="_blank">2</a> were redefined as binary. Overcrowding was defined as number of household members per sleeping room using the mean as cut-off. SES (socioeconomic) index shows tertiles of Z scores calculated using principal components analysis. The analysis controlled also for gender of the child, number of stool samples collected and number of anthelmintic treatments received. Maternal infection intensities with <i>A. lumbricoides</i> and <i>T. trichiura</i> were not included. Paternal STH infection was excluded from the multivariate model because of missing data.</p

Univariate and multivariable associations between risk factors and having any STH infection during the first 3 years of life.

<p>Multivariable analyses included data from 1,381 children for whom complete data were available. Paternal STH infection was excluded from the multivariate model because of missing data. Odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated using logistic regression. STH were detected using all 3 microscopic detection methods. Overcrowding was defined as number of household members per sleeping room. SES (socioeconomic) index shows tertiles of Z scores calculated using principal components analysis. Paternal and maternal age, overcrowding, and gestational age used the mean as cut-off. STH infection intensity categories were: <i>A. lumbricoides</i> (light- <5,000 eggs per gramme of stool [epg]; moderate = 5,000–49,999; heavy – ≥50,000); <i>T. trichiura</i> (light - <1,000 epg; moderate – 1,000–9,999; heavy – ≥10,000).</p

MOESM1 of Epidemiology of sepsis in Catalonia: analysis of incidence and outcomes in a European setting

Additional file 1. ICD-9-MC codes used to identify infectious process, site of infection, acute organ dysfunction and procedures used in intensive care unit

Effects of maternal infection on childhood infection intensities and overdispersion.

a<p>Rate Ratios (RR) calculated by negative binomial regression models and adjusted for sex, maternal educational level, monthly income, household electric appliances, water source, bathroom facility, crowding, and number of follow-up evaluations.</p><p>Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval.</p><p>Parameters were estimated and statistical comparisons were performed using negative binomial distributions.</p

Characteristics of cases and controls.

<p>Cases are children infected with either <i>A. lumbricoides</i> or <i>T. trichiura</i>, and controls are uninfected children. Values are frequencies (separated by/), percentages (%), and medians (range in parentheses). epg – eggs per gram of stool.</p>a<p>1 = illiterate, 2 = primary incomplete, 3 = primary, 4 = secondary incomplete, 5 = secondary, 6 = advanced incomplete, 7 = advanced.</p