Free associations mirroring self- and world-related concepts: Implications for personal construct theory, psycholinguistics and philosophical psychology

People construe reality by using words as basic units of meaningful categorization. The present theory-driven study applied the method of a free association task to explore how people express the concepts of the world and the self in words. The respondents were asked to recall any five words relating with the word world. Afterwards they were asked to recall any five words relating with the word self. The method of free association provided the respondents with absolute freedom to choose any words they wanted. Such free recall task is suggested as being a relatively direct approach to the respondents’ self- and world-related conceptual categories, without enormous rational processing. The results provide us, first, with associative ranges for constructs of the world and the self, where some associative dimensions are defined by semantic polarities in the meanings of peripheral categories (e.g., Nature vs. Culture). Second, our analysis showed that some groups of verbal categories that were associated with the words world and self are central, while others are peripheral with respect to the central position. Third, the analysis of category networks revealed that some categories play the role of a transmitter, mediating the pathway between other categories in the network

N,N′,N′′,N′′′-Tetrakis(2-methylphenyl)­oxybis(phospho­nic diamide): a redetermination at 150 K with Mo Kα radiation

The structure of the title compound, C28H32N4O3P2, has been redetermined at 150 K, with much improved precision. The structure and mol­ecular packing of the title compound was previously determined using Cu Kα radiation, with an R value of 0.0933 [Cameron et al. (1978 ▶). Z. Naturforsch. Teil B, 33, 728–730]. The c-axis length in this structure [13.8401 (8) Å] is almost half that reported in the original study. In the title compound, two (C6H4(2-CH3)NH)2P(O) units are bridged via an O atom [P—O—P = 133.31 (11)°]. The P atoms adopt a slightly distorted tetra­hedral coordination geometry. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked via N—H⋯OP hydrogen bonds into extended chains parallel to the c axis. An intra­molecular N—H⋯O=P hydrogen bond is also found in the mol­ecule

Synthesis, In vitro Antifungal and Antitumour Activity of Some Triorganotin(IV) N,C,N-Chelates

The in vitro antifungal activity of compounds 1-3 ( { [ ( CH 3 ) 2 NCH 2 ] 2 C 6 H 3 } R 2 SnX ; (where X=Cl, R=n-Bu for 1, X=Br, R=n-Bu for 2 and x= PF 6 , R=n=Bu for 3)) was estimated with the help of a modified microdilution format of the M27-A guidelines and was compared with in vitro activity of their diphenyltin(IV) analogues 4 and 5 (where X=Br, R=Ph for 4 and X= PF 6 , R=Ph for 5), and of drugs currently in clinical use (ketoconazole, fluconazole and amphotericin B). It was found that in coordinating solvents the more soluble derivative 2 is less active than the phenyl one (4), and compounds 1 and 3 are even inactive

Diacetamidinium sulfate

In the crystal structure of the title compound, 2C2H7N2 +·SO4 2−, which contains four cations and two anions in the asymmetric unit, the ions are inter­connected by an extensive hydrogen-bonding system whereby two of the O atoms of sulfate ion are hydrogen-bonded to the amidinium H atoms of two cations, leading to the formation of two eight-membered rings. The two remaining O atoms inter­connect two H atoms of acetamidinium cations, forming an infinite chain. The C⋯N separations within the H2N⋯C⋯NH2 moieties are similar, with an average value of 1.305 (2) Å, which is in good agreement with a delocalization model

Direct Cyclopalladation of Fluorinated Benzyl Amines by Pd3(OAc)6 : The Coexistence of Multinuclear PdnReaction Pathways Highlights the Importance of Pd Speciation in C-H Bond Activation

Palladacycles are key intermediates in catalytic C-H bond functionalization reactions and important precatalysts for cross-couplings. It is commonly believed that palladacycle formation occurs through the reaction of a substrate bearing a C-H bond ortho to a suitable metal-directing group for interaction with, typically, mononuclear "Pd(OAc)2"species, with cyclopalladation liberating acetic acid as the side product. In this study, we show that N,N-dimethyl-fluoro-benzyl amines, which can be cyclopalladated either ortho or para to fluorine affording two regioisomeric products, can occur by a direct reaction of Pd3(OAc)6, proceeding via higher-order cyclopalladated intermediates. Regioselectivity is altered subtly depending on the ratio of substrate:Pd3(OAc)6 and the solvent used. Our findings are important when considering mechanisms of Pd-mediated reactions involving the intermediacy of palladacycles, of particular relevance in catalytic C-H bond functionalization chemistry

Acetyl­ferrocene–2-chloro-1-ferrocenyl­ethanone (1/1)

In the title co-crystal, [Fe(C5H5)(C7H6ClO)][Fe(C5H5)(C7H7O)], both substituted ferrocene mol­ecules show the expected sandwich structure. The crystal packing exhibits weak inter­molecular Cl⋯Cl contacts of 3.279 (4) Å, π–π inter­actions between the substituted Cp rings of two neighbouring 2-chloro-1-ferrocenyl­ethanone mol­ecules [centroid–centroid distance = 3.534 (3) Å], and weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O and C—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds

A novel stibacarbaborane cluster with adjacent antimony atoms exhibiting unique pnictogen bond formation that dominates its crystal packing

We have prepared nido-7,8,9,11-Sb2C2B7H9, the first cluster with simultaneous Sb-B, Sb-C and Sb-Sb atom pairs with interatomic separations with magnitudes that approach the respective sums of covalent radii. However, the length of the Sb-Sb separation in this cluster is slightly less than the sum of the covalent radii. Quantum chemical analysis has revealed that the crystal packing of nido-7,8,9,11-Sb2C2B7H9 is predominantly dictated by pnictogen (Pn) bonding, an unconventional σ-hole interaction. Indeed, the interaction energy of a very strong Sb2⋯H-B Pn-bond in the nido-7,8,9,11-Sb2C2B7H9 dimer exceeds -6.0 kcal mol-1. This is a very large value and is comparable to the strengths of known Pn-bonds in Cl3Pn⋯π complexes (Pn = As, Sb)

Study of transport properties of some polymer layers

This work studies various properties of polymer layers and hybrid layers containing inorganic nanoparticles. MEH-PPV and Polythiophene films are characterized by different experimental techniques. Dark J-V characteristics were measured at different temperatures and the mobility of holes was evaluated in a few cases. Photovoltage spectra are used for a determination of the exciton diffusion length and the SPV method is discussed. The influence of the inorganic nanoparticles CdS and ZnO incorporated into the polymer layers is studied by various experimental methods and the applications of these layers in the inorganic-organic hybrid solar cells are discussed. The inorganic nanoparticle size distributions are obtained by several experimental techniques and the results correspond with the assumptions

Railway Transport in Czechoslavakia, 1918-1938

Cílem této práce je popsat historický vývoj železnice v českých zemích a její hospodářské souvislosti a analyzovat problematiku vybraných státních zásahů v odvětví dopravy. Teoretická část práce nastiňuje hlavní vývojové trendy železnice na našem území od jejích počátků až do období první republiky včetně mezinárodně-politických témat a poukazuje na její ekonomické aspekty (především z pozice průmyslu a zahraničního obchodu). Analytická část práce vychází zejména z přístupu rakouské školy ekonomie a analyzuje dopady i nezamýšlené důsledky postupného zestátňování soukromých železnic a regulace provozování soukromé automobilové dopravy. Tato práce se snaží přiblížit historii železniční dopravy a pomocí ekonomické analýzy prokázat nežádoucí důsledky státních zásahů nejen pro sektor dopravy, ale i ostatní odvětví ekonomiky