Extending precolourings of circular cliques

Let G be a graph with circular chromatic number Xe(G) = k/q. Given P ⊆ V (G) where the components of G [P] are isomorphic to the circular clique Gk,g suppose the vertices of P have been precoloured with a (k’,g’) - colouring. We examine under what conditions one can be assured the colouring extends to the entire graph. We stud y sufficient conditions based on k’/q’ − k/q as well as the distance between precoloured components of G[P]. In particular, we examine a conjecture of Albertson and West showing the conditions for extendibility are more complex than anticipated in their work

Total temperature probes for high-temperature hypersonic boundary-layer measurements

The design and test results of two types of total temperature probes that were used for hypersonic boundary-layer measurements are presented. The intent of each design was to minimize the total error and to maintain minimal size for measurements in boundary layers 1.0 in. thick and less. A single platinum-20-percent-rhodium shield was used in both designs to minimize radiation heat transfer losses during exposure to the high-temperature test stream. The shield of the smaller design was flattened at the flow entrance to an interior height of 0.02 in., compared with 0.03 in. for the larger design. The resulting vent-to-inlet area ratios were 60 and 50 percent. A stainless steel structural support sleeve that was used in the larger design was excluded from the smaller design, which resulted in an outer diameter of 0.059 in., to allow closer placement of the probes to each other and to the wall. These small design changes to improve resolution did not affect probe performance. Tests were conducted at boundary-layer-edge Mach numbers of 5.0 and 6.2. The nominal free-stream total temperatures were 2600 degrees and 3200 degrees R. The probes demonstrated extremely good reliability. The best performance in terms of recovery factor occurred when the wire-based Nusselt number was at least 0.04. Recommendations for future probe designs are included

The Social Contract and Feminism

This paper seeks to prove the value placed on women in society, and disprove the claim that the social contract is inherently patriarchal. Radical feminists claim that society as a whole is irreparably flawed and operates patriarchally. Therefore, they call for a systematic shift and condemn the current fabric of our society and nation. The social contract, an idea centered around the philosophical works of John Locke and Thomas Hobbes served as the primary way that the founders of the United States justified the formation of American democracy and had immense influence on American political thought. However, feminists seek to dismantle this idea by claiming that the social contract is inherently anti-women and excludes women from full and equal participation in society. Using qualitative research methods and thorough analysis of the writings of John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, and Jean-Jacque Rousseau, as well as critical analysis of the major feminist arguments which condemn the social contract as being inherently patriarchal, this study ultimately concluded that society and American politics have evolved to embrace women as a bigger part of politics and the workforce. Upon examination of historical documents including the Bible, the study revealed that women have always been considered valued members of society with their own unique, but important functions. In conclusion, the study found there to be no necessity for a systematic restructuring in the favor of women, as radical feminist ideology suggests

NASA's Airborne Science Program: Supporting Earth Observing Satellites

This presentation covers the Airborne Science Program's goals and objectives, overview of capabilities, and recent and future active

Artificial roughness standard for open channels

Reprint from Transactions, American Geophysical Union, V. 33, no.6, December 1952.Includes bibliographical references.In the formulas in present use the resistance coefficient has been considered constant for a particular type of material in a particular state of upkeep. The resistance coefficient, however, is not a constant for a given channel but varies with both velocity and depth. From the nature of these formulas in present use, it may be seen that the variable influence of viscosity is not taken into consideration. Because of the need for more accurately determining the discharges in open channels a standard for roughness for open channels such as that which exists for pipes is desirable. The problem of developing a reproducible standard for roughness in open channels has previously received very little systematic study. Although several investigations have been made, each was made with a different type of roughness. This study was conducted for the purpose of determining whether an artificial roughness standard could be established for a channel with a boundary so rough that the viscous effects were negligible. The equation C = 26 .65 log10 (1.891 d/a) was established and is applicable over at least a fourfold variation in d/a and nearly a twofold variation in the resistance coefficient

An Auditory Neural Correlate Suggests a Mechanism Underlying Holistic Pitch Perception

Current theories of auditory pitch perception propose that cochlear place (spectral) and activity timing pattern (temporal) information are somehow combined within the brain to produce holistic pitch percepts, yet the neural mechanisms for integrating these two kinds of information remain obscure. To examine this process in more detail, stimuli made up of three pure tones whose components are individually resolved by the peripheral auditory system, but that nonetheless elicit a holistic, “missing fundamental” pitch percept, were played to human listeners. A technique was used to separate neural timing activity related to individual components of the tone complexes from timing activity related to an emergent feature of the complex (the envelope), and the region of the tonotopic map where information could originate from was simultaneously restricted by masking noise. Pitch percepts were mirrored to a very high degree by a simple combination of component-related and envelope-related neural responses with similar timing that originate within higher-frequency regions of the tonotopic map where stimulus components interact. These results suggest a coding scheme for holistic pitches whereby limited regions of the tonotopic map (spectral places) carrying envelope- and component-related activity with similar timing patterns selectively provide a key source of neural pitch information. A similar mechanism of integration between local and emergent object properties may contribute to holistic percepts in a variety of sensory systems

List precoloring extension in planar graphs

A celebrated result of Thomassen states that not only can every planar graph be colored properly with five colors, but no matter how arbitrary palettes of five colors are assigned to vertices, one can choose a color from the corresponding palette for each vertex so that the resulting coloring is proper. This result is referred to as 5-choosability of planar graphs. Albertson asked whether Thomassen's theorem can be extended by precoloring some vertices which are at a large enough distance apart in a graph. Here, among others, we answer the question in the case when the graph does not contain short cycles separating precolored vertices and when there is a "wide" Steiner tree containing all the precolored vertices.Comment: v2: 15 pages, 11 figres, corrected typos and new proof of Theorem 3(2

DeWitt Wallace Library Annual Report 2013-2014

Summary of library and media services activities for 2013-201

Genomic alterations in primary gastric adenocarcinomas correlate with clinicopathological characteristics and survival.

Background & aimsPathogenesis of gastric cancer is driven by an accumulation of genetic changes that to a large extent occur at the chromosomal level. In order to investigate the patterns of chromosomal aberrations in gastric carcinomas, we performed genome-wide microarray based comparative genomic hybridisation (microarray CGH). With this recently developed technique chromosomal aberrations can be studied with high resolution and sensitivity.MethodsArray CGH was applied to a series of 35 gastric adenocarcinomas using a genome-wide scanning array with 2275 BAC and P1 clones spotted in triplicate. Each clone contains at least one STS for linkage to the sequence of the human genome. These arrays provide an average resolution of 1.4 Mb across the genome. DNA copy number changes were correlated with clinicopathological tumour characteristics as well as survival.ResultsAll thirty-five cancers showed chromosomal aberrations and 16 of the 35 tumours showed one or more amplifications. The most frequent aberrations are gains of 8q24.2, 8q24.1, 20q13.12, 20q13.2, 7p11.2, 1q32.3, 8p23.1-p23.3, losses of 5q14.1, 18q22.1, 19p13.12-p13.3, 9p21.3-p24.3, 17p13.1-p13.3, 13q31.1, 16q22.1, 21q21.3, and amplifications of 7q21-q22, and 12q14.1-q21.1. These aberrations were correlated to clinicopathological characteristics and survival. Gain of 1q32.3 was significantly correlated with lymph node status (p=0.007). Tumours with loss of 18q22.1, as well as tumours with amplifications were associated with poor survival (p=0.02, both).ConclusionsMicroarray CGH has revealed several chromosomal regions that have not been described before in gastric cancer at this frequency and resolution, such as amplification of at 7q21-q22 and 12q14.1-q21.1, as well gains at 1q32.3, 7p11.2, and losses at 13q13.1. Interestingly, gain of 1q32.3 and loss of 18q22.1 are associated with a bad prognosis indicating that these regions could harbour gene(s) that may determine aggressive tumour behaviour and poor clinical outcome