Developing a theoretical model to improve the road network the a historical city in Iraq

The expansion of transport networks as a result of urban growth with low coverage and low integration leads to low transport efficiency and inaccessibility. This leads to poor connectivity in ancient urban areas of the Iraqi provinces. Identifying the Iraqi provinces with the lowest transport efficiency by performing the supply-demand ratio of the master plan for the center of Iraq's provinces (for example, the city of Karbala) is an indicator of the availability and accessibility of transport in urban areas. Solutions to meet transport needs have not focused on improving road capacity and meeting demand by improving operational efficiency even in surrounding communities. In this research theoretical model measured the degree of accessibility of the road network in the city to assess the effectiveness of transport. It has been identified that closer the coefficient of supply-demand to the zero points will provide a comfortable level of service to all road users. This theoretical model evaluates and improves the impact of changing the function of the road network and using different modes of transportation taking into account religious factors, full range of demand control, system efficiency, and infrastructure capacity clarifications. © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2021

Effect of temperature on the compressive strength and sustainability of expanded clay lightweight basalt fiber reinforced concrete

Concrete exposure to high temperature is a threat to the concrete which leads to loss of strength and degradation of the concrete. Based on this, it was necessary that the behavior on compression of lightweight expanded clay basalt fiber reinforced concrete (BFRC) be investigated when exposed to high temperature. The parameters and dosages of basalt fiber in lightweight expanded clay concrete have effects on the strength of the concrete. The sustainability of a structure in any environment is of high importance therefore, the types of material used as an aggregate and reinforcement must be durable, trustworthy and with the necessary properties suitable for the structure. The main aim of this paper is focused on the ability of lightweight expanded clay basalt fiber reinforced concrete when exposed to high temperature and tested for compressive strength, not to lose its total strength whereby, creating opportunity for the reuse of the concrete. The method of this research is based on laboratory test and practical review analysis. From the compressive strength, a view on the sustainability of this type of concrete is discussed. In this paper, the two sets of specimens were placed on three temperature ranges in a specific time interval. After, they were tested for compression. From the result, it was seen that expanded clay lightweight basalt fiber reinforced concrete didn't lose much strength under compressive test after it was exposed to high temperature thereby making the concrete sustainable to high temperature. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved