Epidemiological studies on cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ad- Dawadimi District, Saudi Arabia

Purpose: To assess the prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Ad-Dawadimi region of Saudi Arabia.Methods: Data from the patients included in this retrospective study were collected from the Leishmaniasis Control Center of Ad-Dawadimi District of Saudi Arabia. A total of 370 patients with CL were recorded from January 2009 to December 2013. The data focused on details of sociodemographics, i.e., age, gender, date of diagnosis, residence and close family members with CL.Results: Out of 370 patients with verified lesions, 280 (75.6 %) were males with a mean age of 18.26 ± 13.41 years, while 90 (24.3 %) were females with a mean age of 19.25 ± 16.10 years. The highest proportion (18.3 %) occurred in the 15 - 20 years age group. Annual distribution of CL showed that the highest rate was in 2010 with 168 cases while the lowest rate was in 2012 with 42 cases. There were no significant differences in the mean ages of the CL cases with respect to gender.Conclusion: Most of the reported cases had with single facial lesions. Although all age groups are affected by CL, a majority of the cases are aged 15 to 30 years.Keywords: Cutaneous leishmania, Epidemiology, Facial lesion, Age-relate

N′-[(1E)-(2,6-Difluoro­phen­yl)methyl­idene]thio­phene-2-carbohydrazide

In the title compound, C12H8F2N2OS, the thienyl ring is disordered over two positions, with the S atom of the major component [occupancy = 75.03 (18)%] oriented away from an ortho-F atom of the benzene ring. The mol­ecule is nearly planar, the dihedral angle between the thio­phene and benzene rings being 6.19 (18) (in the major component) or 3.5 (6)° (in the minor component). The azomethine C=N double-bond in the mol­ecule is of an E configuration. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by pairs of N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, generating inversion dimers

Biological Activity of Quinazolinones

The chemical structure of quinazolinones includes benzene ring fused with 2-pyrimidinone (1), 4-pyrimidinone (2) or 2,4-pyrimidinedione (3) ring, and are named as quinazolin-2(1H)-one, quinazolin-4(3H)-one or quinazolin-2,4(1H, 3H)-one, respectively. The chemical structure of quinazolinones constitutes a crucial scaffold of natural and synthetic compounds with various therapeutic and biological activities. Quinazolinones are first synthesized by Stefan Niementowski (1866–1925) and named after Niementowski quinazolinone synthesis. Quinazolinones have strongly attracted the interest of medicinal chemist as they constitute a large class of compounds that exhibited broad spectrum of biological activities including antimicrobial, antimalarial, anticonvulsant, anticancer, antileishmanial, anti-inflammatory, etc. This chapter provides a brief overview on the recent advances on chemical and pharmacological aspects of quinazolinone derivatives published in the last decade