Dimensionamiento de una Planta de tratamiento de Aguas Residuales para la Cabecera Parroquial de Juan de Velasco

Se dimensiono una Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales en la cabecera parroquial de Juan de Velasco cantón Colta provincia de Chimborazo para mejorar el medio ambiente y la vida de los pobladores. Se determinó caudales durante 7 días utilizando métodos volumétricos, obteniendo un caudal de diseño es 2.98 L/min. Para las caracterizaciones físicas, químicas y microbiológicas se efectuó muestreos durante 3 días empleando un muestreo compuesto en intervalo de 12 horas, dando como resultado valores de: pH (7,40 Und.); temperatura (10.1 °C) y nitratos (0,3 mg/L) encontrándose dentro de los límites permisibles; La conductividad; DQO; DBO5; fosfatos; sólidos totales; aceites y grasas; coliformes fecales y totales, no cumplen con los límites permisibles del TULSMA. Con los resultados de los análisis realizados se diseñó en software AUTOCAD, la Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales, la misma que consta de: canal de entrada, rejillas, tanque séptico, trampa de grasas y aceites, humedal artificial y tanque de desinfección y eras de secado. La remoción teórica del tanque séptico es: aceites y grasas 60 mg/L, DBO5 14,035 mg/L, sólidos suspendidos 287 mg/L y en el humedal artificial: DBO5 4.91 mg/L, DQO 23.6 mg/L, sólidos suspendidos 100 mg/L. Para la construcción se evidenció un lugar relativamente plano, cuyas coordenadas UTM son: 735705, 9797604, a una altura 3104 m.s.n.m, en las riberas del río Pangor y 3230 m.s.n.m de la comunidad, su área de implementación es 356.51 m2. La implementación de la Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales en las zonas rurales permite descontaminación ambiental y mejor calidad de vida de los seres vivos. Por lo que se recomienda la implementación de la planta, específicamente en la Cabecera Parroquial Juan de Velasco y en otras comunidades rurales.A Sewage Treatment Plant was built in Juan de Velasco Parish, Colta Canton, Chimbor azo determined during seven days by using volumetric methods resulting in a desing flow of 2.98 L/min. go t the physical, chemi ca l and microbiological characterizations some samples were taken during 3 days using a 12 - hour interval full sampling resulting i n the following values: pH(7,40 Und.); temperature (10.1ºC); and nitrates (0,3 mg/L), these are under the permissible limits; while DQO, DBO 5, phosphates, total solids, oil, fat, fecal a nd total coliforms are not under TULSMA permissible limits. The result s of the analysis were used to design the Sewage Treatment Plant with the use of AUTOCAD, which contains input channel, grids, septic tank, fat and oil trap, artificial humidity, disinfection tank and drying beds. The septic tank theoretical removal is: oi l and fat 60 mg/L, DBO 5 14. 035 mg/L, Suspended solids 28 7 mg/L, Artificial Humidity: DBO 5 4.91 mg/L, DQO 23.6 mg/L, Suspended solids 100 mg/L. Artificial Humidity: DBO 5 . For building the plant, it was necessary a relatively flat place which UTM coordinates are: 735705, 9797604, at a height of 3104 meters above sea level in Pangor river bank and 3230 meteres above sea level in the community, its area is 356,51 m 2 , The implementation of the Sewage Treatment Plant in rural areas decontaminate the environment and improve the quality of life of living being, that is why it is recommended to implement the Plant in Juan de Velasco Parish and other rural communities

The cnidarian parasite Ceratonova shasta utilizes inherited and recruited venom-like compounds during infection

Background Cnidarians are the most ancient venomous organisms. They store a cocktail of venom proteins inside unique stinging organelles called nematocysts. When a cnidarian encounters chemical and physical cues from a potential threat or prey animal, the nematocyst is triggered and fires a harpoon-like tubule to penetrate and inject venom into the prey. Nematocysts are present in all Cnidaria, including the morphologically simple Myxozoa, which are a speciose group of microscopic, spore-forming, obligate parasites of fish and invertebrates. Rather than predation or defense, myxozoans use nematocysts for adhesion to hosts, but the involvement of venom in this process is poorly understood. Recent work shows some myxozoans have a reduced repertoire of venom-like compounds (VLCs) relative to free-living cnidarians, however the function of these proteins is not known. Methods We searched for VLCs in the nematocyst proteome and a time-series infection transcriptome of Ceratonova shasta, a myxozoan parasite of salmonid fish. We used four parallel approaches to detect VLCs: BLAST and HMMER searches to preexisting cnidarian venom datasets, the machine learning tool ToxClassifier, and structural modeling of nematocyst proteomes. Sequences that scored positive by at least three methods were considered VLCs. We then mapped their time-series expressions in the fish host and analyzed their phylogenetic relatedness to sequences from other venomous animals. Results We identified eight VLCs, all of which have closely related sequences in other myxozoan datasets, suggesting a conserved venom profile across Myxozoa, and an overall reduction in venom diversity relative to free-living cnidarians. Expression of the VLCs over the 3-week fish infection varied considerably: three sequences were most expressed at one day post-exposure in the fish’s gills; whereas expression of the other five VLCs peaked at 21 days post-exposure in the intestines, coinciding with the formation of mature parasite spores with nematocysts. Expression of VLC genes early in infection, prior to the development of nematocysts, suggests venoms in C. shasta have been repurposed to facilitate parasite invasion and proliferation within the host. Molecular phylogenetics suggested some VLCs were inherited from a cnidarian ancestor, whereas others were more closely related to sequences from venomous non-Cnidarian organisms and thus may have gained qualities of venom components via convergent evolution. The presence of VLCs and their differential expression during parasite infection enrich the concept of what functions a “venom” can have and represent targets for designing therapeutics against myxozoan infections

The African Network for Improved Diagnostics, Epidemiology and Management of common infectious Agents

Background!#!In sub-Saharan Africa, acute respiratory infections (ARI), acute gastrointestinal infections (GI) and acute febrile disease of unknown cause (AFDUC) have a large disease burden, especially among children, while respective aetiologies often remain unresolved. The need for robust infectious disease surveillance to detect emerging pathogens along with common human pathogens has been highlighted by the ongoing novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The African Network for Improved Diagnostics, Epidemiology and Management of Common Infectious Agents (ANDEMIA) is a sentinel surveillance study on the aetiology and clinical characteristics of ARI, GI and AFDUC in sub-Saharan Africa.!##!Methods!#!ANDEMIA includes 12 urban and rural health care facilities in four African countries (Côte d'Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Republic of South Africa). It was piloted in 2018 in Côte d'Ivoire and the initial phase will run from 2019 to 2021. Case definitions for ARI, GI and AFDUC were established, as well as syndrome-specific sampling algorithms including the collection of blood, naso- and oropharyngeal swabs and stool. Samples are tested using comprehensive diagnostic protocols, ranging from classic bacteriology and antimicrobial resistance screening to multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) systems and High Throughput Sequencing. In March 2020, PCR testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and analysis of full genomic information was included in the study. Standardised questionnaires collect relevant clinical, demographic, socio-economic and behavioural data for epidemiologic analyses. Controls are enrolled over a 12-month period for a nested case-control study. Data will be assessed descriptively and aetiologies will be evaluated using a latent class analysis among cases. Among cases and controls, an integrated analytic approach using logistic regression and Bayesian estimation will be employed to improve the assessment of aetiology and associated risk factors.!##!Discussion!#!ANDEMIA aims to expand our understanding of ARI, GI and AFDUC aetiologies in sub-Saharan Africa using a comprehensive laboratory diagnostics strategy. It will foster early detection of emerging threats and continued monitoring of important common pathogens. The network collaboration will be strengthened and site diagnostic capacities will be reinforced to improve quality management and patient care