PGF_2α release by omental and subcutaneous fat cells.

<p>(<b>A</b>) PGF_2α release by subcutaneous and omental primary preadipocytes in response to TNF-α and/or IL-1β (preadipocytes stimulated for 24 h with 1 ng/ml TNF-α, 1 ng/ml IL-1β or both). Results are expressed as pg/ml*μg protein*24 h (n = 14), (<b>B</b>) PGF_2α release by isolated subcutaneous and omental mature adipocytes in response to TNF-α and/or IL-1β (isolated mature adipocytes stimulated for 2 h with 1 ng/ml TNF-α, 1 ng/ml IL-1β or both). Results are expressed as pg/10⁶cells*2 h (n = 12), (<b>C</b>) PGF_2α release by subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue explants in response to TNF-α and/or IL-1β (explants stimulated for 24 h with 1 ng/ml TNF-α, 1 ng/ml IL-1β or both). Results are expressed as pg/ml*mg tissue*24 h. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. p≤0.05 for treatment-by-depot interaction in panel A and p≤0.05 for treatment effect in panels A and C. * p ≤ 0.05.</p

Intestinal Lf mRNA and protein expression in severely obese subjects and in Caco-2/15 cells.

<p>mRNA and protein levels of Lf were estimated in the intestine of insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant obese subjects (n = 9 per group). The relative mRNA fold-changes between groups were calculated using the 2^−ΔΔCt method. mRNA data were normalized to ATP5O mRNA expression. Modulation of Lf protein following a 24-hour Caco-2/15 cell incubation with LPS (150 μg/mL). Protein expression values were normalized to β-actin protein expression. In B, samples were run on the same gel, but lanes were not contiguous. * <i>P</i><0.05 vs. insulin-sensitive subjects, **p<0.001 vs. control cells.</p

PGF_2α release by omental mature adipocytes.

<p>Comparison of (<b>A</b>) omental adipocyte PGF_2α release; (<b>B</b>) subcutaneous adipocyte PGF_2α release; (<b>C</b>) omental <i>AKR1B1</i> mRNA expression; and (<b>D</b>) subcutaneous <i>AKR1B1</i> mRNA expression in women with low or high omental adipocyte PGF_2α release. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. ^† p < 0.10, *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.005, *** p ≤ 0.0001. Expression levels relative to <i>ATP5O</i> mRNA expression. OM: omental; SC: Subcutaneous.</p

Plasma Lf levels in severely obese subjects.

<p>Correlations were tested between plasma Lf concentrations and <b>(A)</b> BMI, <b>(B)</b> insulin and <b>(C)</b> HOMA-IR in severely obese subjects without T2D. Pearson correlation coefficients of log-transformed variables and <i>P</i> values are shown in the graph (n = 62); <b>(D)</b> Plasma Lf concentrations in severely obese patients according to HOMA-IR tertiles and to the presence of T2D. * <i>P<</i>0.05.</p

Effect of aldose reductase inhibitor on PGF_2α release by human primary preadipocytes.

<p>PGF_2α release by subcutaneous and omental preadipocytes treated for 24 h with 1 ng/ml IL-1β in the presence or absence of increasing concentrations (0-20 μM) of ponalrestat. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Results are expressed as pg/ml*μg protein*24 h (* p≤0.05, n = 7 for all conditions).</p

<b>Pearson correlation coefficients between </b><b><i>AKR1B1</i></b><b> mRNA expression level in subcutaneous (SC) or omental (OM) adipose tissue and anthropometric measurements or HOMA_ir Index (n = 46).</b>

<p><i>AKR1B1</i> mRNA expression in whole tissue from each site. Expression levels relative to <i>ATP5O</i> mRNA expression, ^an = 45, ** p≤0.005, *p ≤ 0.05, ^†p ≤ 0.10.</p

Pearson correlation coefficients of plasma Lf and anthropometric with biochemical parameters in lean to moderately obese women.

<p>Pearson correlation coefficients of plasma Lf and anthropometric with biochemical parameters in lean to moderately obese women.</p

Anthropometric and biochemical parameters as well as plasma Lf concentrations in a subsample of severely obese subjects matched for sex, age and BMI in high (n = 10) and low insulin sensitivity (n = 10) patients based on HOMA-IR.

<p>Anthropometric and biochemical parameters as well as plasma Lf concentrations in a subsample of severely obese subjects matched for sex, age and BMI in high (n = 10) and low insulin sensitivity (n = 10) patients based on HOMA-IR.</p

COX-2 and PGF synthase expression in primary preadipocytes.

<p>Messenger RNA expression and protein levels of COX-2 (<b>A</b> and <b>B</b>, respectively), mRNA expression and protein levels of AKR1B1 (<b>C</b> and <b>D</b>, respectively) and mRNA expression of <i>AKR1C3</i> (<b>E</b>) in subcutaneous and omental preadipocytes (n = 4) stimulated for 24 h with 1 ng/ml TNF-α, 1 ng/ml IL-1β or both. The data are presented as mean ± SEM (* p≤0.05 for treatment effect in panels A, B, C and D). Expression levels relative to G6PD mRNA expression. The western blot data were quantified by densitometric analysis and values were normalized to β-tubulin.</p

Adjusted partial correlation coefficients of plasma Lf concentration and HOMA-IR of severely obese women and men.

<p>Adjusted partial correlation coefficients of plasma Lf concentration and HOMA-IR of severely obese women and men.</p