The role of cluster of differentiation 74 in cancer and cancer immunomodulation

In normal cells cluster of differentiation 74 (CD74) acts as a chaperone of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR by formation of a trimetric structure. In the lack of tumor presence most antigen presenting cells are expressed. However, recent data suggests that CD74 is major link between proinflammatory responses and tumorigenesis but that detailed mechanisms are not fully understood. CD74 is also thought to be involved in signalling pathways via macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and CD44; controlling the proliferation and apoptosis of cancer its capability to interact with other signaling cells. The role CD74 as an accessory signal receptor on surface and molecules presents CD74 as a crucial therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer. This review will discuss the role of CD74 in several aspects including antigen presentation, cancer immunomodulation as well as the interaction of CD74 along with MIF and CD44. The overall aim of this review is to translate the recent outcome from the previous study to the clinical level and to study the expression and the role of CD74 in human breast cancer in Saudi population. Comparison between normal people and patients could be applied. We are also planning to link the level of CD74 expression to different stage of breast cancer so CD74 could potentially be used as a 'biomarker signature' to monitor different stages of breast cancer

Exploiting of Green Synthesized Metal Oxide Nanoparticles for Spectrophotometric Determination of Levofloxacin, Cephalexin, and Cefotaxime Sodium in Commercial Products

In this study, two metal oxide nanoparticles NiO and MnO2 were synthesized from green sources Mentha spicata (M. spicata) extract and Malus domestica (M. domestica) peel extract, respectively. The optical and physical properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. Simple, precise, and new spectrophotometric probes were suggested for the determination of three cephalosporin antibiotics, including levofloxacin (LVX), cephalexin (CPX), and cefotaxime sodium (CTX) in their pure form and commercial products. The spectrophotometric detection of the selected drugs is based on the catalytic enhancement of NiO and MnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) due to their unique optical properties. Linear relationships with main correlation coefficients 0.999 were obtained at 0.1–20, 1.0–80, and 0.001–100 µg mL−1 for the three drugs in the presence of NiONPs, whereas 0.01–60, 0.1–160, and 0.01–80 µg mL−1 were obtained in the presence of MnO2NPs at absorption wavelengths 290, 262, and 235 nm for LVX, CPX and CTX, respectively. The analytical methods were validated and successfully used for determination of the instigated drugs in their bulk and commercial dosage forms

Salivary soluble CD44 level in chronic periodontitis – A comparative assessment between preoperative and postoperative scaling and root planing

Background: Salivary biomarkers can be used to diagnose illnesses, track their course, and gauge a patient's response to therapy. Inflammatory circumstances result in higher sCD44 levels. The most typical inflammatory disorder connected to periodontal tissue is called periodontitis. Therefore, the purpose “of the current study was to compare the levels of sCD44 in patients with chronic periodontitis before and after scaling and root planing. Objectives: 1) Determining CD44 concentrations in healthy individuals' spit. 2) To quantify CD44 levels in the saliva of individuals with persistent periodontitis. The third objective is to compare the levels of CD44 that can be dissolved in saliva between those with healthy gums and those with active periodontitis. 4) Assessing CD44 levels in saliva after “scaling and root planing in patients with chronic periodontitis.” Materials and Methods: Half of the study participants were classified as having chronic periodontitis, while the other half had healthy gums. Participants with healthy gums and those with chronic periodontitis had their plaque levels, gingival status, and testing depths measured. All the same, data were calculated in persons with chronic periodontitis one month after they had “scaling and root planing done. Clinical attachment levels were evaluated before scaling and root planing was performed on patients with chronic periodontitis and again one month afterwards. Patients with chronic periodontitis,” those whose condition had not improved following scaling and root planing (SRP), and healthy individuals all had spit tests conducted after a month. The concentration of sCD44 in the saliva was determined with a chemically coupled immunosorbent assay. Results: Salivary sCD44 levels were substantially greater in people with chronic periodontitis than in people without the condition. After one month of scaling and root planing in patients with chronic periodontitis, sCD44 levels drastically dropped (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Chronic periodontitis is linked to elevated levels of salivary sCD44. sCD44 can be employed as a possible salivary biomarker for chronic Periodontitis