5 research outputs found

    Evaluation of Different Internal Designs of Hydraulic Nozzles under an Accelerated Wear Test

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    The use of worn-out agricultural nozzles in pesticide application has a negative effect on the efficiency and cost of the application process. It also has an effect on environmental pollution due to an excessive amount of pesticide being applied when spraying with worn-out nozzles. In this paper, the resistance to wear of three different internal design hydraulic nozzles was ascertained. Changes in the flow rate and spray distribution as a result of this wear were also investigated. The wear test was done inside a closed system, and it was accelerated using an abrasive material to generate 100 h of wear. The tested nozzles were the Turbo TeeJet (TT)-twin chambered, Turbo Twinjet (TTj60)-dual outlet, and Drift Guard (DG)-pre-orifice. Wear rate, flow rate, and the virtual coefficient of variation (CVv) were measured at different wear intervals. The results showed that the TTj60 type was the most resistant to wear, followed by the TT type and DG. The latter two types showed an increase in the flow rate only in the first 45 h of wear. Virtual coefficient of variation (CVv) values were less than 10% after finishing the test (after 100 h of wear) for the three types of nozzles, which are acceptable values according to International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 16122-2, 2015

    Wp艂yw st臋偶enia adiuwanta na zmiany charakterystyki i parametr贸w opryskiwania dla wybranych typ贸w rozpylaczy

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    The paper presents the results of the research on the influence of the adjuvant concentration on the size of the drops produced by the spray nozzles of agricultural sprayers. For the tests, adjuvant Normaton with the composition of total nitrogen, amide nitrogen (N-NH2) and phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) was used. The adjuvant was added to the water taken from the municipal water supply system of the city of Lublin. The tests were carried out for three concentrations, i.e. 75%, 100%, and 125% of the adjuvant concentration recommended by the manufacturer, and water without the adjuvant. The surface tension of water with adjuvant was examined for each nozzle. Then, the size of the obtained droplets was measured for each adjuvant concentration. Two types of nozzles were used for spraying, standard nozzle AP 120-03 and 6MSC injector nozzle, both with the same nozzle flow rate, but with a different design. The size of the droplets produced was measured on a HELOSVARIO laser diffractometer by Sympatec. The droplet measurement was performed at a pressure of 3 bar. The nozzle was placed 50 cm above the diffractometer laser light line. The droplet size was measured in three places of the sprayed liquid, i.e. in the position of the nozzle axis, 30 and 60 cm from the nozzle axis. It was shown that the addition of the adjuvant influenced the number of droplets produced in the indicated droplet size classes.W pracy przedstawiono wyniki bada艅 nad wp艂ywem st臋偶enia adiuwanta na wielko艣膰 kropel wytwarzanych przez rozpylacze rolnicze. Do bada艅 u偶yto adiuwantu Normaton o sk艂adzie: azot ca艂kowity, azot amidowy (N-NH2) i pi臋ciotlenek fosforu (P2O5). Adiuwant dodawano do wody pobieranej z miejskiej sieci wodoci膮gowej z Lublina. Badania przeprowadzono dla trzech st臋偶e艅, tj. 75%, 100% i 125% st臋偶enia adiuwanta zalecanego przez producenta, oraz dla wody bez dodatku adiuwanta. Dla ka偶dego st臋偶enia adiuwanta badano napi臋cie powierzchniowe, a nast臋pnie mierzono wielko艣膰 uzyskanych kropel adiuwanta. Do opryskiwania u偶yto dw贸ch typ贸w rozpylaczy: rozpylacza standardowego AP 120-03 i rozpylacza e偶ektorowego 6MSC - oba o takim samym nat臋偶eniu przep艂ywu, ale o innej konstrukcji. Wielko艣膰 wytwarzanych kropel mierzono za pomoc膮 dyfraktometru laserowego HELOS-VARIO firmy Sympatec. Pomiar kropel przeprowadzono pod ci艣nieniem 3 bar贸w. Rozpylacz umieszczano 50 cm nad lini膮 艣wiat艂a lasera dyfraktometru. Wielko艣膰 kropel mierzono w trzech miejscach rozpylanej cieczy, tj. w na osi rozpylacza oraz w odleg艂o艣ci 30 i 60 cm od osi rozpylacza. Wykazano, 偶e dodatek adiuwanta wp艂ywa na liczb臋 wytwarzanych kropel we wskazanych klasach wielko艣ci kropel

    Por贸wnanie dysz o r贸偶nym stopniu zu偶ycia i pracuj膮cych z t膮 sam膮 cz臋stotliwo艣ci膮 aplikacji r贸偶nych 艣rodk贸w ochrony ro艣lin w aspekcie stanu ro艣lin

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    Three different types of nozzles (different wear rate) were used in this study. They are classified depending on the severity of their wear to three groups: new, worn and damaged nozzles. Those nozzles were spraying with the same application rate (303 l/ha) on two-year field trials; this was achieved by changing the spraying pressure for each group of nozzles in order to get the same application rate. This practice is usually done by operators of sprayers, who calibrate the sprayers on the same application rate every year without changing the nozzles, so they tend to reduce the spraying pressure in order to compensate the flow rate increase due to the nozzles yearly wear. Two types of plant growth regulators (PGR) agents were used in this study, namely: Moddus and Kelpak, they were applied to wheat plants field to reduce lodging. The results showed that applying PGR in the year 2015 produced an increase in the wheat yield and reduction in the plant height regardlessthe nozzle type, although there was not any occurrence of wheat lodging. In the year 2016, the new nozzles produced higher values of wheat yield than other two types of nozzles.W pracy zaprezentowano wyniki bada艅 polowych, w kt贸rych wykorzystywano trzy r贸偶ne rozpylacze sklasyfikowane w zale偶no艣ci od stopnia ich zu偶ycia w trzech grupach: dysze nowe, zu偶yte i uszkodzone. Podczas dwuletnich bada艅 polowych rozpylacze pracowa艂y z zachowaniem takiej samej dawki aplikacji (303 l/ha), kt贸r膮 uzyskano przez zmian臋 ci艣nienia rozpylania dla ka偶dej grupy rozpylaczy. Praktyka ta jest zwykle wykonywana przez operator贸w opryskiwaczy, kt贸rzy corocznie kalibruj膮 opryskiwacze przy tej samej dawce bez zmiany rozpylaczy, wi臋c maj膮 tendencj臋 do zmniejszania ci- 艣nienia rozpylania w celu skompensowania wzrostu nat臋偶enia przep艂ywu z powodu zu偶ycia rozpylaczy. W badaniu wykorzystano dwa rodzaje 艣rodk贸w reguluj膮cych wzrost ro艣lin (PGR): Moddus i Kelpak. Zastosowano je na polu pszenicy w celu zmniejszenia wylegania. Wyniki pokaza艂y, 偶e zastosowanie PGR w 2015 r. spowodowa艂o wzrost plonu pszenicy i zmniejszenie wysoko艣ci ro艣lin bez wzgl臋du na rodzaj stopie艅 zu偶ycia rozpylacza, chocia偶 nie wyst膮pi艂o wyleganie pszenicy. W roku 2016 wykorzystanie rozpylaczy nowych przyczyni艂o si臋 do uzyskania wi臋kszego plonu, ni偶 stosuj膮c pozosta艂e dwa rodzaje rozpylaczy

    Analiza procesu rozmra偶ania 艣liwek w komorze pr贸偶niowo-parowej, utrwalonych wst臋pnie metod膮 dehydrofreezing

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    The research material was prune plums (Prunus domestica L.), subjected to osmotic pre-treatment, with variable process time parameters and osmotic solution concentration. Plums thus fixed were frozen and stored for 6 months. At even (monthly) intervals, the product was defrosted by the vacuum-steam method, using the s-p-p chamber, until the thermocouple indicated a temperature of 4潞C in the sample's thermal center. In order to study the kinetics of phenomena occurring during the defrosting process, the chamber was equipped with a measuring system to enable measurement and recording of temperature changes in time in the geometric center of the sample, as well as the temperature on the sample surface. The conducted tests proved that the time of vacuumsteam defrosting of fruit depended on the amount of water contained in it. In plums dehydrated in 45-65% sucrose solutions, duration of the defrosting process was shortened already after three months of frozen storage. After 6 months of storage, defrosting of these fruits was twice as fast as that of control samples.Materia艂em badawczym by艂y 艣liwki odmiany W臋gierka Zwyk艂a (Prunus domestica L.). Owoce poddano wst臋pnej obr贸bce osmotycznej, przy zmiennych parametrach czasu procesu oraz st臋偶enia roztworu osmotycznego. Tak utrwalone 艣liwki zosta艂y zamro偶one i przechowywane przez 6 miesi臋cy. W r贸wnych odst臋pach czasu (co miesi膮c) produkt by艂 rozmra偶any metod膮 pr贸偶niowo-parow膮, z zastosowaniem komory s-p-p, do momentu wskazania przez termopar臋 temperatury 4潞C w centrum termicznym pr贸bki. W celu zbadania kinetyki zachodz膮cych zjawisk w czasie procesu rozmra偶ania, komora wyposa偶ona by艂a w uk艂ad pomiarowy, kt贸ry umo偶liwi艂 pomiar i rejestracj臋 zmian w czasie temperatury w centrum geometrycznym pr贸bki oraz temperatury na powierzchni pr贸bki. Przeprowadzone badania dowiod艂y, 偶e czas rozmra偶ania pr贸偶niowo-parowego owoc贸w by艂 zale偶ny od ilo艣ci zawartej w nich wody. W 艣liwkach odwadnianych w roztworach sacharozy w zakresie st臋偶e艅 45-65% ju偶 od trzeciego miesi膮ca zamra偶alniczego przechowywania nast膮pi艂o skr贸cenie czasu procesu. Po 6 miesi膮cach przechowywania rozmra偶anie tych owoc贸w przebiega艂o 2-krotnie szybciej ni偶 pr贸b kontrolnych
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