Enforcement and Spectrum Sharing: Case Studies of Federal-Commercial Sharing

To promote economic growth and unleash the potential of wireless broadband, there is a need to introduce more spectrally efficient technologies and spectrum management regimes. That led to an environment where commercial wireless broadband need to share spectrum with the federal and non-federal operations. Implementing sharing regimes on a non-opportunistic basis means that sharing agreements must be implemented. To have meaning, those agreements must be enforceable.\ud \ud With the significant exception of license-free wireless systems, commercial wireless services are based on exclusive use. With the policy change facilitating spectrum sharing, it becomes necessary to consider how sharing might take place in practice. Beyond the technical aspects of sharing, that must be resolved lie questions about how usage rights are appropriately determined and enforced. This paper is reasoning about enforcement in a particular spectrum bands (1695-1710 MHz and 3.5 GHz) that are currently being proposed for sharing between commercial services and incumbent spectrum users in the US. We examine three enforcement approaches, exclusion zones, protection zones and pure ex post and consider their implications in terms of cost elements, opportunity cost, and their adaptability

A Lexical Analysis of Social Software Literature

Social software are today more prevalent in organizational context, providing new ways for work and giving web users new opportunities for interaction and collaboration. This review aims to gain insight into the extent of available scholarly and professional literature on these new tools and into interests in this field. The analysis of the 5356 collected articles includes type of publication, year of publication, source, keywords in articles' titles and abstracts. The study here adopted a systematic approach for the literature review, that is, the principle of Lexical Analysis

Development of an animation to alleviate patient anxiety before endoscopic treatment

Background: eHealth is the use of technology aimed at improving health care and has garnered significant interest in the last decade. Preoperative anxiety is the feeling of unease before a procedure and has been linked to a reduced postoperative quality of life. The effect of eHealth on preoperative anxiety has previously been researched; however, its specific effect in endoscopic procedures remains unclear. An increase in the number of endoscopies performed has been associated with a substantial increase in preoperative anxiety. This anxiety is also shown to correlate with the amount of information shared with the patients prior to the procedure, indicating that an appropriate level of patient education and engagement is necessary to alleviate preoperative anxiety. However, not all forms of patient engagement may be effective in reducing preoperative anxiety; for instance, information pamphlets have previously shown no significant effect on anxiety as the information provided was found to be overwhelming for patients. Therefore, a more suitable and engaging approach, such as eHealth, may be required. Aim: The aim of this study was to develop an informative animation educating patients, about to undergo endoscopic procedures, on the common concerns associated with endoscopy. The animation was developed using information obtained from the available literature. Methodology: The methodology was divided into three stages: literature search, finding and coding similarities, and animation. The aim of the first stage was to identify in the literature the commonly expressed fears and worries associated with surgery that influence a patient's preoperative anxiety levels. The second stage was to find the commonalities between the papers identified from the literature and to analyse them, using a qualitative analytic method known as descriptive coding. Finally, the last stage aimed to collate all the relevant information into an animation that summarises the common fears and worries relating to the procedure, as well as how best to tackle them as the patient. Results: Three papers were identified as relevant to the research question. They were compiled into three separate word documents and imported into NVIVO. Using NVIVO, the information from the papers was then coded into five separate themes. These themes, with their respective distribution in all the three papers, were: fear of complications (44%); fear of cancellations (5%); lack of information (33%); feeling out of one’s element (16%); and concern for the family (3%). The development of the animation took the themes into consideration and provided ways to alleviate these fears and worries. Conclusion: The two most frequent themes revealed during the coding stage of the study (fear of complications (44%) and lack of information (33%) corroborate previous relevant studies in the literature. This study adds to the notion that patients currently receive inadequate information to effectively alleviate their preoperative anxiety. Therefore, this work highlights the need for information that is both presented in a manner that is conducive to effective patient engagement and specific to the individual patient’s concerns

Text Analysis of Airline Tweets

By acting as a succinct summary, keywords and key phrases can be a useful tool for swiftly assessing enormous amounts of textual material. A keyword is defined as a word that briefly and accurately characterises the subject, or an aspect of the subject, presented in a text, according to the International Encyclopaedia of Information and Library Science (Bolger et al., 1989) (Feather et al., 1996). People are more likely to complain when they are anxious, according to research (Bolger et al., 1989)(Meier et al., 2013), and moods are affected by time (Ryan et al., 2010). Due to this study, airlines will have a tool to calibrate and judge the positivity/negativity of tweets based on the day of the week, which is a topic that has yet to be researched. We want to do text and sentiment analysis on extracted airline travel tweets, taking into account when the tweet was ‘tweeted’ and if it had a good or negative impact

Impact of Relative Liquidity of Stocks and Bonds on the Financing and Investment Decisions of a Firm

The dissertation consists of two essays. The first essay investigates if market illiquidity is a significant determinant of capital structure decisions. We hypothesize that firms would likely compare the illiquidity of two sources of external funding at a given point in time and issue the one with lower illiquidity. Therefore, if the level of illiquidity is a key driver of firms’ capital structure decisions in that year, the higher the level of stocks illiquidity, the more of its financing needs are satisfied by the issuance of debt, and the higher the level of bonds illiquidity, the less of its financing needs are satisfied by the issuance of debt. We find that illiquidity of the two sources of external funding affects significantly the capital structure decisions of U.S. firms over the sample period 2003-2018. Specifically, the coefficient of relative bonds illiquidity is negative, large, and strongly significant regardless of leverage measurement, and the coefficient of relative stocks illiquidity is positive, large, and strongly significant regardless of leverage measurement. The second essay investigates if markets illiquidity is a significant determinant of investment decisions. We argue that an increase in investment opportunities due to an increase in bonds liquidity is for the decrease of the firm’s cost of capital and the decrease in its issuance cost. With a lower cost of capital and a higher ability to issue securities, firms are able to undertake more investment opportunities. We find that bonds and stocks illiquidity affect significantly the investment decisions of U.S. firms over the sample period 2003-2018. Specifically, the coefficients of bonds and stocks illiquidity are negative, large, and strongly significant regardless of investment measurement. Also, we find the effect of bonds illiquidity is more pronounced for financially constrained firms using different financial constraints measures

Impact of Relative Liquidity of Stocks and Bonds on the Financing and Investment Decisions of a Firm

The dissertation consists of two essays. The first essay investigates if market illiquidity is a significant determinant of capital structure decisions. We hypothesize that firms would likely compare the illiquidity of two sources of external funding at a given point in time and issue the one with lower illiquidity. Therefore, if the level of illiquidity is a key driver of firms’ capital structure decisions in that year, the higher the level of stocks illiquidity, the more of its financing needs are satisfied by the issuance of debt, and the higher the level of bonds illiquidity, the less of its financing needs are satisfied by the issuance of debt. We find that illiquidity of the two sources of external funding affects significantly the capital structure decisions of U.S. firms over the sample period 2003-2018. Specifically, the coefficient of relative bonds illiquidity is negative, large, and strongly significant regardless of leverage measurement, and the coefficient of relative stocks illiquidity is positive, large, and strongly significant regardless of leverage measurement. The second essay investigates if markets illiquidity is a significant determinant of investment decisions. We argue that an increase in investment opportunities due to an increase in bonds liquidity is for the decrease of the firm’s cost of capital and the decrease in its issuance cost. With a lower cost of capital and a higher ability to issue securities, firms are able to undertake more investment opportunities. We find that bonds and stocks illiquidity affect significantly the investment decisions of U.S. firms over the sample period 2003-2018. Specifically, the coefficients of bonds and stocks illiquidity are negative, large, and strongly significant regardless of investment measurement. Also, we find the effect of bonds illiquidity is more pronounced for financially constrained firms using different financial constraints measures

Enforcement in Dynamic Spectrum Access Systems

The spectrum access rights granted by the Federal government to spectrum users come with the expectation of protection from harmful interference. As a consequence of the growth of wireless demand and services of all types, technical progress enabling smart agile radio networks, and on-going spectrum management reform, there is both a need and opportunity to use and share spectrum more intensively and dynamically. A key element of any framework for managing harmful interference is the mechanism for enforcement of those rights. Since the rights to use spectrum and to protection from harmful interference vary by band (licensed/unlicensed, legacy/newly reformed) and type of use/users (primary/secondary, overlay/underlay), it is reasonable to expect that the enforcement mechanisms may need to vary as well.\ud \ud In this paper, we present a taxonomy for evaluating alternative mechanisms for enforcing interference protection for spectrum usage rights, with special attention to the potential changes that may be expected from wider deployment of Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) systems. Our exploration of how the design of the enforcement regime interacts with and influences the incentives of radio operators under different rights regimes and market scenarios is intended to assist in refining thinking about appropriate access rights regimes and how best to incentivize investment and growth in more efficient and valuable uses of the radio frequency spectrum