13 research outputs found
Advances in Selective Oxidation of Methane
Selective oxidation of methane is one of the most challenging reactions in catalysis. Methane is a very stable molecule and requires high energy to be activated. Different approaches of single step methane conversion have been suggested to overcome this challenge. However, the current commercial process of methane conversion to methanol is via the indirect way, in which methane is first converted to synthesis gas in highly intensive energy step, and synthesis gas is then converted into methanol. The first step is responsible for 60% of the capital cost of the plant. There are enormous researches that have been conducted in a direct way and some good results have been achieved. This chapter will summarize the recent advances in the direct selective oxidation of methane to methanol
Citric acid-assisted synthesis of Ī³-alumina-supported high loading CoMo sulfide catalysts for the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) and hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) reactions
The decarbonization of coal tar via microwave-initiated catalytic deep dehydrogenation
Coal tar, a major by-product of the coal industry, presents considerable difficulties in its refining and conversion into fuels due to its complex chemical composition and physical properties, such as high viscosity, corrosiveness, thermal instability, etc. Here we report a new route for producing hydrogen-rich gases together with carbonaceous materials, including carbon nanotubes, through the microwave-initiated catalytic deep dehydrogenation of coal tar using inexpensive iron catalysts. The resulting carbonaceous materials generated over the catalyst were investigated using a variety of techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), temperature programmed oxidation (TPO) and Raman spectroscopy. Importantly, we have found that an aqueous emulsion feed of the coal tar enables considerably easier handling and an enhanced hydrogen production whilst also significantly reducing the extent of catalyst deactivation. This behaviour is shown to be assisted by the phenomenon of micro-explosion that enhances mass and heat transfer during the catalytic reactions
The effect of lanthanum addition on the catalytic activity of Ī³-alumina supported bimetallic CoāMo carbides for dry methane reforming
The effect of lanthanum addition to Ī³-alumina supported bimetallic carbides has been studied for the reaction of dry methane reforming using four different lanthanum loading levels of 1, 5, 10 and 15 wt% of lanthanum. It has been demonstrated that the addition of lanthanum to supported bimetallic carbides at low loading levels (1 wt%) results in smaller carbide crystallite sizes compared to catalysts containing either no lanthanum or higher lanthanum loading levels (5ā15 wt%). Increased lanthanum loading results in increased carbon dioxide desorption at 500ā700 Ā°C. Reactions indicated that increased lanthanum loading resulted in significantly reduced product yields due to increased reverse waterāgas shift activity. All materials exhibited degrees of sintering during the reaction. It was found that cobalt reacted with lanthanum species to form a LaCoO3 phase. The 1 wt% catalyst possessed superior catalytic properties for dry methane reforming and was tested for 100 h. After an initial loss of activity, the catalyst appeared to stabilise, however, a decrease of ~3 % in the H2:CO ratio, evidence of carbide crystallite growth and carbon deposition, indicated that a shift in the side reactions had occurred during the reaction
Effect of titania addition on the performance of CoMo/Al2O3 sour water gas shift catalysts under lean steam to gas ratio conditions
Activated carbon honeycomb supported manganese and cerium oxides (MnOxāCeO2/ACH) catalysts were investigated for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO at low temperatures of 80ā200 Ā°C. Compared with ACH supported manganese oxide catalyst (MnOx/ACH), MnOxāCeO2/ACH catalysts show much higher SCR activity and higher selectivity to N2. NO conversion can be improved by the addition of CeO2 from less than 50% to 100% at 80ā160 Ā°C. The N2 selectivity of higher than 99.8% is obtained over the Ce(1)Mn/ACH catalyst at 80ā200 Ā°C. Results indicate that the addition of CeO2 improves the distribution of MnOx and enhances the oxidation of NO to NO2, producing more absorbed NO3ā on the catalyst surface, which is then reduced into N2 by NH3. These behaviors account for the promoting effect of CeO2 on the SCR activity
Microwave treatment in oil refining
In this paper, we discuss the potential of using microwave techniques in the refinement of heavy fraction of petroleums such as bunker oil. After discussing the fundamental issues associated with conversion of microwave energy into heat, we present measurements of the dielectric properties of heavy oils at 2.45 GHz using a highly sensitive resonant cavity method, and also over a broader frequency range (100 MHz to 8 GHz) using a coaxial probe technique. We find that the dielectric loss is very small even in these heavy oils, but still may be sufficiently large to provide efficient conversion of microwave energy into heat on untreated samples, and could be massively enhanced by means of a microwave-absorbing additive (e.g., carbon black). We conclude by discussing the design of a suitable microwave actuator for heavy oil cracking within a flow process
Recent Advances in Industrial Sulfur Tolerant Water Gas Shift Catalysts for Syngas Hydrogen Enrichment: Application of Lean (Low) Steam/Gas Ratio
A novel sulfur tolerant water gas shift (SWGS) catalyst has been developed for the applications under lean (low) steam/gas ratio conditions, which has been extensively used for H2/CO adjustment of syngas and H2 enrichment in the world since 2000s with safer operation and lower steam consumption. Technology design and catalyst performances under different lean steam/gas conditions were comprehensively reported. Industrial data were collected from several large scale running plants with a variety of served catalysts characterized and precisely re-examined in the laboratory. It is shown that the developed Mo–Co/alkali/Al2O3 SWGS catalyst can operate very steadily even with the steam/gas ratio as low as 0.2–0.3, and the main deactivation factors are accidental caking, sintering, as well as poisoning impurities, such as As or Cl. The adoption of lean steam/gas SWGS catalyst can significantly improve the plant efficiency & safety and remarkably reduce the actual steam consumption for H2 production, which can decrease CO2 emission correspondingly. The work helps to evaluate how specially designed SWGS catalysts performed under applied lean steam/gas conditions, providing important references for researchers and industry
Recyclable, strong thermosets and organogels via paraformaldehyde condensation with diamines
Nitrogen-based thermoset polymers have many industrial applications (for example, in composites), but are difficult to recycle or rework. We report a simple one-pot, low-temperature polycondensation between paraformaldehyde and 4,4ā²-oxydianiline (ODA) that forms hemiaminal dynamic covalent networks (HDCNs), which can further cyclize at high temperatures, producing poly(hexahydrotriazine)s (PHTs). Both materials are strong thermosetting polymers, and the PHTs exhibited very high Young's moduli (up to ā¼14.0 gigapascals and up to 20 gigapascals when reinforced with surface-treated carbon nanotubes), excellent solvent resistance, and resistance to environmental stress cracking. However, both HDCNs and PHTs could be digested at low pH (<2) to recover the bisaniline monomers. By simply using different diamine monomers, the HDCN- and PHT-forming reactions afford extremely versatile materials platforms. For example, when poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) diamine monomers were used to form HDCNs, elastic organogels formed that exhibited self-healing properties.</p
Recyclable, strong thermosets and organogels via paraformaldehyde condensation with diamines
\u3cp\u3eNitrogen-based thermoset polymers have many industrial applications (for example, in composites), but are difficult to recycle or rework. We report a simple one-pot, low-temperature polycondensation between paraformaldehyde and 4,4ā²-oxydianiline (ODA) that forms hemiaminal dynamic covalent networks (HDCNs), which can further cyclize at high temperatures, producing poly(hexahydrotriazine)s (PHTs). Both materials are strong thermosetting polymers, and the PHTs exhibited very high Young's moduli (up to ā¼14.0 gigapascals and up to 20 gigapascals when reinforced with surface-treated carbon nanotubes), excellent solvent resistance, and resistance to environmental stress cracking. However, both HDCNs and PHTs could be digested at low pH (<2) to recover the bisaniline monomers. By simply using different diamine monomers, the HDCN- and PHT-forming reactions afford extremely versatile materials platforms. For example, when poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) diamine monomers were used to form HDCNs, elastic organogels formed that exhibited self-healing properties.\u3c/p\u3