The Production of Cauliflower Microshoots using Curd Meristematic Tissues and Hypocotyl–derived Callus.

The capacity for microshoot production from cauliflower was investigated applying two different protocols. In the first, cauliflower curd meristematic tissue was used as a source of explants. The meristematic layer was shaved off and the clusters produced were homogenised using a commercial blender. In terms of its effect on the number and viability of microshoots, the use of 30 s blending duration treatment was found to be optimal between several treatments tested in the range 15 to 120 sec. Explants were cultivated in agitated S23 (MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) + 3 % sucrose) liquid media supplemented with different combinations of plant growth regulators. The use of 2 mg/L kinetin and 1 mg/L IBA gave the optimal results in terms of the number and viability of microshoots. The second protocol was designed to investigate the regeneration potential of hypocotyl explants of cauliflower via callus culture. The callus tissue was initiated from hypocotyl explants in callus induction medium (CIM), which consisted of S23 supplemented with 2,4-D at 1 mg/L and kinetin at 1.5 mg/L. The highest number of shoots was obtained after 28 days from sub-cultured hypocotyl derived callus on S23 basal media containing 0.5 mg/L of kinetin. This study demonstrated the ability of producing microshoots using various parts of cauliflower through both callus and without callus formation which can be useful in the later applications of cauliflower tissue culture such as the production of artificial seeds

Somatic embryogenesis and cryopreservation of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis)

Abstract Successful efficient whole cauliflower plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis from root derived callus tissue was achieved. The research confirmed for the first time the capability of mass production of cauliflower somatic embryos through the indirect pathway. The best callus induction and proliferation was on semi solid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2, 4-D at 0.15 mg L-1 and Kinetin at 0.1 mg L-1 and 3% sucrose. The response of different explant types (cotyledon, hypocotyls and root) through callus induction and subsequent culture was determined. The best period for subsequent callus culture was 21 days. Continuous immersion in agitated liquid medium technique was subsequently used for primary somatic embryo production. The culture requirements were empirically optimized including: explants source and size of callus tissue, blending duration, plant growth regulator combinations and concentrations as well as carbohydrate type and concentration. The highest mean number of somatic embryos (30.9) per explant was achieved using root derived embryogenic callus tissue on MS medium provided with IAA 0.05 mgL-1 and Kinetin at 0.5 mgL-1 and 2% sucrose. Somatic embryos were developed and matured on this medium and germinated with the highest percentage (60%) on semi-solid MS medium devoid of growth regulators. The culture conditions that led to the formation of secondary somatic embryos were identified. The presence of activated charcoal in the culture medium had an effect on this process but some abnormality of secondary somatic embryos was observed. Artificial seeds were produced by encapsulating the somatic embryos with a sodium alginate gel (2%) and complexing with calcium chloride (100 mM) for 20 min. The ability of these artificial seed for germination was evaluated using various combinations of plant growth regulators that were either incorporated in the artificial matrix or in the germination semi-solid culture medium. It was confirmed that cauliflower root derived embryogenic callus tissue can be cryopreserved following a preculture-dehydration technique. Following cryopreservation, embryogenic cultures can proliferate in agitated liquid medium, and somatic embryos at the globular stage were formed. Also cold storage at 5 °C in the dark was used successfully to store cauliflower callus tissue for three months without diminution of the competence for somatic embryos formation. This ability for cold storage could have a positive effect in reducing costs and efforts that result from subsequent sub-culture. The encapsulation-dehydration technique was assessed for cryopreservation of somatic embryos but failed to lead to survival of any embryos. Somatic embryos that were produced in this study were able to be well acclimated using a reliable weaning procedure that achieved high rates of survival of plantlets and their subsequent growth to normal plants in the field was assessed. Morphological characteristics of somatic plants compared favourably with zygotic plants but although there was phenotypic similarity, some differences in plant height, curd size and time for curd maturity were observed.Iraqi Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Researc

Mens Rea in Qatar’s Penal Code: Criticisms and Recommendations

يهدف هذا البحث إلى الكشف عن العيوب التشريعية في نصوص قانون العقوبات القطري الصادر عام 2004 والمتعلقة بالنصوص التي ناقشت الركن المعنوي. حيث يناقش هذا البحث مسألة عدم وجود صياغة تشريعية سليمة لتحديد أنواع الركن المعنوي والمتمثلة بالقصد الجنائي والخطأ غير العمدي. كما يناقش البحث مسألة عدم وجود معايير وضوابط لتحديد مدى توافر عنصر الركن المعنوي لدى المتهم من عدمه. بالإضافة إلى ما تم ذكره، إن المشرع القطري لم يحدد تعريف لصورة القصد المباشر وصورة القصد الاحتمالي في نص المادة رقم 32 من قانون العقوبات القطري، واللتين تعدان صورتان هامتان من صور القصد الجنائي. ومن مشاكل البحث، عدم وجود تعريف واضح لأنواع الخطأ غير العمدي والمتمثلة بصورة الخطأ الواعي وصورة الخطأ غير الواعي في المادة رقم 32 من قانون العقوبات القطري. كما تعد مشكلة الجمع بالعقوبة بين جميع أنواع الخطأ غير العمدي مخالفة أساسية لفكرة تناسب العقوبة والتي تشترط أن تكون العقوبة متناسبة ومتسقة مع الحالة الذهنية والنفسية للجاني. وفي نهاية البحث، يقدم الباحث الحلول والاقتراحات لتطوير نصوص قانون العقوبات القطري التي تناقش الركن المعنوي وذلك لتنجب الأضرار الناتجة عن هذه المشكلات القانونية.This paper discusses mens rea as an element of crime, examining the legislative wording of mens rea and the vital role that this wording plays in the formation of the mens rea element in the Qatari Penal Code. The purpose of this paper is to improve the legislative wording of mens rea in the Qatari Penal Code. This paper also addresses general questions about how criminal mens rea relates to criminal justice, what makes mens rea ambiguous, and how we can solve this ambiguity. More seriously, this paper seeks to determine whether legislative omission contributes to the ambiguity of mens rea, thus adversely affecting criminal justice. In conclusion, this paper offers recommendations for the Qatari Penal Code to improve its approach to mens rea

الركن المعنوي للجريمة في نصوص قانون العقوبات القطري: نقد واقتراحات

This paper discusses mens rea as an element of crime, examining the legislative wording of mens rea and the vital role that this wording plays in the formation of the mens rea element in the Qatari Penal Code. The purpose of this paper is to improve the legislative wording of mens rea in the Qatari Penal Code. This paper also addresses general questions about how criminal mens rea relates to criminal justice, what makes mens rea ambiguous, and how we can solve this ambiguity. More seriously, this paper seeks to determine whether legislative omission contributes to the ambiguity of mens rea, thus adversely affecting criminal justice. In conclusion, this paper offers recommendations for the Qatari Penal Code to improve its approach to mens rea.يهدف هذا البحث إلى الكشف عن العيوب التشريعية في نصوص قانون العقوبات القطري الصادر عام 2004 والمتعلقة بالنصوص التي ناقشت الركن المعنوي. حيث يناقش هذا البحث مسألة عدم وجود صياغة تشريعية سليمة لتحديد أنواع الركن المعنوي والمتمثلة بالقصد الجنائي والخطأ غير العمدي. كما يناقش البحث مسألة عدم وجود معايير وضوابط لتحديد مدى توافر عنصر الركن المعنوي لدى المتهم من عدمه. بالإضافة إلى ما تم ذكره، إن المشرع القطري لم يحدد تعريف لصورة القصد المباشر وصورة القصد الاحتمالي في نص المادة رقم 32 من قانون العقوبات القطري، واللتين تعدان صورتان هامتان من صور القصد الجنائي. ومن مشاكل البحث، عدم وجود تعريف واضح لأنواع الخطأ غير العمدي والمتمثلة بصورة الخطأ الواعي وصورة الخطأ غير الواعي في المادة رقم 32 من قانون العقوبات القطري. كما تعد مشكلة الجمع بالعقوبة بين جميع أنواع الخطأ غير العمدي مخالفة أساسية لفكرة تناسب العقوبة والتي تشترط أن تكون العقوبة متناسبة ومتسقة مع الحالة الذهنية والنفسية للجاني. وفي نهاية البحث، يقدم الباحث الحلول والاقتراحات لتطوير نصوص قانون العقوبات القطري التي تناقش الركن المعنوي وذلك لتنجب الأضرار الناتجة عن هذه المشكلات القانونية

The Blockade of Qatar: Between Legal Justice and Political Arbitrariness

 أﺻﺪﺭﺕ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ، بتاريخ 5 يونيو 2017، ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻗﻄﺮ، ﺗﻀﻤﻨﺖ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍلأربع ﻣﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ، ﻭﺇﻣﻬﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻳﺔ 48 ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻤﻐﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺑﻼﺩﻫﻢ، وﻣﻨﻊ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻳﻴﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ الأربع، وإﻣﻬﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﺪﺓ 14 ﻳﻮﻣًﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻐﺎﺩﺭﺓ، وﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ الأربع ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻭﺭ ﻋﺒﺮﻫﺎ. كما أﻏلقت ﻤﻨﺎﻓﺬها ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺔ وﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ 24 ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻐﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻗﻄﺮ، ﻭﻣنعت ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺭ على ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻐﺎﺩﺭﺓ، مع ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ وباﻟﺘﻔﺎﻫﻢ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻳﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ، ﺑﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﺒﻮﺭﻫﻢ في الأجواء ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻄﺮ. هذه القرارات ﺗﻢّ تبريرها بأنها ﻟﺪﻭﺍعٍ ﻭﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏٍ ﺃﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﺯﻳﺔ، ﺫﻟﻚ أﻥ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﺘﻬﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﻢ بعدة أمور منها: زرع ﺑﺬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ، وإيواء أﺷﺨﺎﺹ إﺭﻫﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﻭﺪﻋﻢ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺇﺭﻫﺎﺑﻴﺔ، ﻛﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﺧﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻭﺣﻤﺎﺱ ﻭﻃﺎﻟﺒﺎﻥ ﻭﺩﺍﻋﺶ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ. ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻛﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎﻑ ﻣﺪﻯ "ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ" ﺃﻭ "ﺍﻟﻈﻠﻢ" ﻓﻲ ﺣﺼﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﻦ قبل ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ الأربع. وتشمل الأﻗﺴﺎﻡ الأربعة التالية: ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ: ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺎﺭ ﻭﺭﺩود ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ، ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ: ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍلأﺯﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺧﻠﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ الأربع، ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ: ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ الأربع، ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ: ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺣُﻤﻠﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ الأربع.On June 5, 2017, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), the United Arab Emirates (UAE), the Kingdom of Bahrain, and Egypt issued statements against the State of Qatar announcing the severance of ties, including diplomatic relations, with Qatar. The Qatari diplomatic mission was given 48 hours to leave those countries. Qatari nationals were banned to travel to KSA, UAE, Bahrain, and Egypt and Qatari residents and visitors were given 14 days to leave. The four countries also imposed in just 24 hours a land, air and sea blockade on Qatar claiming this a precaution due to security reasons and accusing Qatar of supporting “terrorist groups” such as the Muslim Brotherhood, Hamas, the Taliban, ISIS and Al-Qaeda.This study highlights the “unjust” and “oppressive” aspect of the blockade on or the boycott of Qatar. It includes four parts: the first part showcases the statements of the blockading countries and Qatar’s response to them, the second part highlights the crisis generated by the statements of the blockading countries, the third part discusses the legal irregularities of these statements, and the fourth part explores the reasons behind the actions of the blockading countries

Multifactor examination of nursing job satisfaction: a cross sectional survey in a tertiary hospital, Qatar

Objectives: This study examined overall job satisfaction among nurses in a tertiary hospital setting in order to understand the relationship between job satisfaction in terms of four dimensions: autonomy, work environment, incentives, and perception of quality of patient care.Methods: A cross sectional study of 435 nurses at Rumailah Hospital, Doha, Qatar was conducted using a validated Nursing Work Index-Revised questionnaire. Stepwise multiple linear regression was conducted to examine predictors of nursing job satisfaction.Results: The study included 435 respondents, 68.2% of whom were hired from abroad. Mean age of respondents was 38.42±8.96. Most were female (87.1%), educated to degree level (50.6%), were married (84.5%), and work at the staff nurse level (84.1%). A majority (65.8%) of respondents had over five years of experience at current job. Overall, a greater proportion of respondents (53.3%) rated satisfaction with current job above 5, on a 10 point scale. Nurses from abroad tended to have higher ratings of job satisfaction compared to locals.  There was no statistically significant difference in mean job satisfaction score by practice area (t=4.467, p =.0.139).Conclusion: Expat Nurses tended to rate job satisfaction higher than those hired locally.  Incentives (including financial and non-financial benefits) was a significant predictor of nursing job satisfaction. Autonomy and contract type were additional statistically significant predictors of job satisfaction, after adjusting for confounders. Â

Plant abiotic stress tolerance analysis in cauliflower using a curd micropropagation system

An effective protocol for cauliflower micropropagation was optimised and developed which enabled the production of tens of thousands of cauliflower microshoots from one cauliflower curd. The large number of microshoots that can be produced per culture unit facilitates the use of this protocol to analyse both the physiological and molecular components of abiotic stress tolerance. The protocol was used for cauliflower cold tolerance analysis and it was demonstrated that low temperature acclimation increased the cold tolerance of explants. The effect of two additives used with the cauliflower culture media on cold tolerance were evaluated. ABA significantly decreased both cold tolerance in acclimated and non-acclimated cauliflower microshoots whilst molybdenum had a highly positive effect on cold tolerance of cauliflower microshoots. Moreover, molybdenum had the capacity to increase the cold tolerance of cauliflower microshoots without low temperature treatment. This is the first study that confirmed this feature of molybdenum and it is believed that this finding could have an application in the field

“I am not the same as before”: a mixed-methods study on depression in people with spinal injury in Qatar

Incidence of spinal injury is high in the Middle East and North African region (MENA) due to the high incidence of road traffic crashes. A spinal injury may trigger mental health issues. Compared to the general population, people with spinal injury are at higher risk for developing major depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorders, substance abuse, and suicide.ObjectivesThe objectives of the study were to determine depression prevalence; identify relationships between depression and cause and site of spinal injury, sociodemographic factors, and social support; and explore the lived experiences of depression in people with spinal injury in Qatar.MethodsA sequential cross-sectional mixed methods study was conducted. In the quantitative component, the universal sample consisted of 106 consenting individuals presenting with spinal injury at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar between January and December 2020. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 was used to assess levels of depression and the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey was used to assess perceived social support. The cause and site of injury were obtained from patient records. In the qualitative component, semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 12 purposively selected participants from the quantitative component.ResultsSpinal injury had a negative impact on participants physical, mental, social, and spiritual wellbeing. In total, 69% of participants had some level of depression: 28% mild, 25.5% minimal, and 15% moderate to severe. Depression was not associated with socio-demographic factors, or the cause or site of spinal injury. Higher levels of emotional/informational support and positive social interaction were associated with milder depression. Social support and religious faith were critical in assisting participants to cope with their new situation.ConclusionsDepression is prevalent among people with spinal injury attending health services. Early detection, referral, and treatment of depression are recommended. Strategies to enhance emotional/informational support and positive social interaction should be developed and tested with people with spinal injury

Evolution of Minimally Invasive Adrenal Surgery at a Tertiary Care Centre in Oman

Objective: We reviewed the case records of adrenalectomy cases at our institution between January 2010 and December 2020 and report the outcomes of both open and laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA). Methods: This retrospective study included patients who underwent adrenal surgery from January 2010 to December 2020. We recorded demographic details, indications, surgical approach, intra operative data and complications. The final pathology and outcome at the last follow up was also documented. Data was analyzed through the SPSS program. Results: Fifty two patients underwent 61 adrenalectomy procedures. Six patients had bilateral procedure and 3 patients underwent redo surgery accounting for 55 subjects. Open adrenalectomy (OA) was performed on 11 patients and 44 patients underwent LA. Majority of the patients (27) were obese having BMI > 30. Functional adenoma was excised in 36 patients with final diagnosis of Conn’s syndrome in 15, Pheochromocytoma in 13 and Cushing syndrome in 9 patients. Five patients had surgery for oncological indications. Nonfunctional adenoma was excised in 13 patients, with a mean size of 8.9 cm (range 4-15 cm). The mean duration of surgery was less in laparoscopic procedure (199 min) compared to open (246 min). The mean estimated blood loss in LA was significantly less (108ml vs 450 ml, p-value < 0.05). Out of 55 subjects only 1 patients developed Clavien-dindo grade 2 complication. Conclusion: At our institution both laparoscopic and open adrenalectomy were safely performed. There is a trend to perform LA and with experience the duration of surgery and EBL are demonstrating positive trend. Keywords: Adrenal Gland Surgery; Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy; Open Adrenalectomy; Pheochromocytoma; Adrenal Metastasis; Nonfunctional Adrenal Tumors; Oman

The effect of protein supplementation on body muscle mass and fat mass in post-bariatric surgery: a randomized controlled trial (RCT) study protocol.

Severe weight loss through means of bariatric surgery has been associated with loss of muscle mass due to lack of absorption of protein. The aim of this RCT is to investigate the effectiveness of protein supplementation in reducing the risk of developing protein malnutrition and muscle wasting in post-bariatric surgery patients in Qatar. The study was based at the Department of bariatric and metabolic surgery, Doha metropolitan and regional areas. It is envisaged that approximately 160 post-bariatric surgery patients will be randomized and followed up for 6 months. These will be males and females obese (BMI >35) Qatari patients between the aged 18-60 years. Subjects with renal or liver disease and those with past history of bariatric surgery will be excluded. By the completion of the trial, patients who took less than 80% of the supplement will be further excluded from the final analysis. Protein supplement (Cubitan,Protein, Nutricia, Netherlands) that contain daily intake of 20 g of protein to be taken orally 3 times a day throughout the study period. The placebo group will receive identical ampule containing zero-protein with exact instructions as per the intervention group. Body weight, muscle and fat mass, total protein, albumin, vit B12, Magnesium and Zinc will be measured at baseline and every follow up/study visit. Study variables will be compared between the 2 groups at different stages of the trial, including baseline, using Sample T-test (paired and unpaired) and the significance level will be confirmed with the 95% confidence interval with alpha error set to 0.05. Protein supplementation for post-bariatric patients is not yet a standard procedure at Hamad Medical Corporation in Qatar and requires an RCT to establish evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. This study was approved by the Hamad Medical Corporation IRB and MRC committees (approval no. 16433/16). ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03147456 (registration date: 18 April 2017). One major strength of our study is that our population is a distinctive population (Qatari Obese patients) where results from international studies may not apply to the local and unique context. A local study like ours will provide healthcare providers in Qatar an opportunity to ensure good clinical practice and healthy and sustainable weight loss following bariatric surgery.The well-designed double-blinded RCT will almost certainly provide us with the evidence-based clinical practice guideline that we seek as health professionals.One limitation of our study is the slight discrepancy in caloric content of the intervention and the placebo (250 cal and 100 cal, respectively). However, it is the intervention that has the higher caloric content, in which case it may not influence the results in the direction of our hypothesis that protein supplementation leads to lower fat mass and higher muscle mass.Another limitation is that the use of the intervention and the placebo are not objectively measured. However, all efforts will be made to ensure compliance and reporting of consumption of products.A third limitation could be loss to follow up. Participants may cease to participate, particularly, once they have lost "sufficient' weight and gained the fitness to consume any type of foods they desire. This is common in late stages of post-bariatric surgery (beyond 3 months). We feel that this may be a challenge, particularly in reference to our specific population. However, such findings albeit negative, should serve in improving the clinical practice delivered by healthcare providers