Salivary cortisol level pre and post administration of xylocaine hydrochloride local anesthesia for tooth extraction

ABSTRACT Aim: The study aims to compare the levels of cortisol in saliva before and after the administration of infiltration local anesthesia for tooth extraction and to estimate any possible correlation between dental anxiety and salivary cortisol level. Materials and Methods: A total of 26 patients (18 female, 8 male) who need tooth extraction under infiltration local anesthesia were examined in two situations (pre anesthesia and post local anesthetic administration). Prelocal anesthetic: include twenty six patients before the administration of local anesthesia. Post local anesthetic : include twenty six patients after administration of local anesthesia. For each patients salivary sample has been collected by salivette to estimate the level of cortisol by using ELISA Kits, for all patients the anxiety levels has been measured before the administration of local anesthesia by using Modified Dental Anxiety Scale(MDAS). Results: the results showed no significant differences between salivary cortisol for patients before the administration of local anesthesia (19.20±4.39)ng/ml and after the administration of local anesthesia (20.48±4.77)ng/ml with p.0.05, the results also showed that the anxiety levels measured by MDAS was (12.00±2.4587) with no significant correlation between the anxiety level and salivary cortisol levels. Conclusions: : tooth extraction and administration of infiltration local anesthesia will not cause significant effect on salivary cortisol levels, also this study showed that there was no significant correlation between anxiety levels measured by MDAS and cortisol levels during dental treatments(tooth extraction)

Iatrogenic diplopia

Diplopia is a very disturbing condition that has been reported as a complication of several surgical procedures. The following review aims to identify the ocular and nonocular surgical techniques more often associated with this undesirable result. Diplopia is reported as an adverse outcome of some neurosurgical procedures, dental procedures, endoscopic paranasal sinus surgery, and several ophthalmic procedures. The most common patterns and some recommendations in order to prevent and treat this frustrating outcome are also given