Presidents Immunities Form international crimes under the International Criminal Code... Study Warrant for Sudan's President

This study is an attempt to highlight the responsibility a president for committing international crimes under the Criminal law, the legal status of the President of the International, and to what  extent the principles of international criminal law are opposed to the concept of national sovereignty of states, and define the concept of criminal responsibility of presents in the international criminal law, in addition, focusing  the issue of Sudan's president with the International Criminal Court . This study aims to illustrate the evolution of the principle of criminal responsibility of the president in international criminal law, from the formation of temporary military courts in Tokyo, Leipzig and Nuremberg, and later in Ronda and the former Yugoslavia and Sierra Leone and ending with the birth of the International Criminal Court. While devoting the principle of criminal responsibility of presidents for international crimes under international criminal law, other principles of customary international law started to be limited and fade, as the principle of national sovereignty of States and the immunities and privileges that presidents enjoy. According to this development it is no longer possible to plead the constitutional and international immunities for the exemption from prosecution and punishment, as the item 27 of Court criminal system confirmed of official capacity as a contraceptive trial and punishment, and thus treats the president treatment of any other person in front of the International Criminal Court in the event of proven involvement of committing international crimes. Hence this study aims to reveal the discrepancy between the legal status of the president in the international public and international criminal laws, and the extent of prejudice to the implementation of the principles of international criminal law to the sovereignty of States, as well as to clarify the privacy of the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court and superiority upon the national jurisdiction of States. The study comes with a dangerous precedent is the issuance of the arrest warrant against Sudanese President by the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, it is the first event to the President who is still in power after the trial of former Yugoslav "Milosevic" at the Criminal Court for the former Yugoslavia, as well as the president's trial Charles Taylor, and attempts to prosecute former Chilean President "Pinochet". In this context, this study shows the most important legal and political dimensions to accuse the Sudanese President, and determine the constitutional and international immunities at the Criminal Court and the legal basis for his criminal responsibility, in addition to the emphasis on the question of the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court on the case of Sudan or not and the powers of the Security Council to end the crisis between Sudan and International Criminal Court. Key words: Criminal Court, international immunities, Criminal law, International crime, international law

The International Efforts to Encounter the Phenomenon of International Terrorism

Arab collective security must therefore have its own assessments emanating from the regional reality on which Arab collective national security priorities are prioritized. The emergence of transnational terrorist groups poses a great threat to Arab security, and the emergence of a failed or soft state is a very dangerous phenomenon on the Arab national security, as well as illegal immigration due to the prevailing conditions in the Arab region and the neighboring countries of Africa, the illicit drug trafficking and the dangers of using social networks and their use as a means of influencing the Arab youth sector through influence or the birth of the formation of Arab identity comes as an emerging Arab heritage and culture and authentic Arab identity and affiliation account. The use of the term "security" refers back to the end of the Second World War. A stream of literature began to look at how to achieve security and avoid war. The result was the emergence of theories of deterrence and balance. Then the National Security Council was established. There have been several publications in this field, and concepts have been common in this context under the names of many of them - "American national security" and "European security" and "national security of the Soviet Union" before disintegration, China's security and national security, Indian national security and Arab national security. Every country or  nation is trying to formulate its concept and strategy of security according to what it considers its field  as vital security in the surrounding circle, which has the capacity to influence them, or can be a serious threat to their interests and sometimes to exist, and intersect or intertwine some countries and nations in their vital fields Security of its geographic contiguity or its ability to deploy the force crossing its borders economically, culturally or where the range of its missiles, aircraft or warships. Since the national security: is the state's ability to protect its territory, resources and interests from external military threats and internal threats. In the face of globalization, there have been shifts in the concept of security, most notably power, which is no longer linked to the military factor but rather to politics, technology, education, economic growth and the adoption of information. Key words: Arab National Security, international Terroris

Predicting the Inelastic Response of Base Isolated Structures Utilizing Regression Analysis and Artificial Neural Network

Indeed, utilizing a base isolation system in RC structures can remarkably minimize the possibility of failure, particularly in seismic-prone countries. Despite that, the design of these structures is a long procedure that consists of choosing the appropriate isolator to optimize the nonlinear behavior of the superstructure. Moreover, the numerical simulations require huge computational effort when high accuracy is required. In recent decades, scientists and engineers have applied numerous estimation approaches such as multiple linear regression and artificial neural networks to decrease the required cost and time for daily design problems. Thus, this study's main objective is to solve the difficulty of rapid response prediction by using soft-computing techniques. Additionally, it aims to study the capability of multiple linear regression and artificial neural networks in estimating the seismic performance of base-isolated RC structures under earthquakes. A nonlinear response history analysis of four different lead rubber-bearing isolated RC structures will be performed in order to determine the responses of these structures. Subsequently, the prediction models will be developed using the responses of the structures as inputs for multiple linear regression and artificial neural networks. Lastly, the reliability of both estimation approaches in terms of the response of base-isolated structures will be investigated by comparing the prediction models' capability. In general, the results of the study show that artificial neural networks provide considerably better accuracy in estimating base-isolated structures compared to multiple linear regression, and their performance results in reliable prediction. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-06-07 Full Text: PD

Thermic Presentation of Uncovered Composed Coverings in Jordan's Hot Dry Desert Province (Southern Badya)

Thermic performance for any building in hot dry province depend on the external climatic factor, the ability of the construction materials used in gained heat through day time and loss this heat through night time through the nocturnal radiation. Covering is considered the major part of the building envelop which exposed to high thermic load due to the high solar intensity and high outside air temperature through summer which reach to 6 months. In Jordan the thermic effect of covering is increased as one go towards from north to south. This study evaluate the thermic performance of different test rooms with different coverings construction; non-insulated concrete, insulated concrete, double, plant, and active concrete coverings, built under the effect of external climatic condition of very hot and dry province in Jordan (Southern Badya province). The external climatic conditions and the temperature distribution inside the covering construction and the interior air temperature were measured. The results of this study recognized that the thermic transmittance (UValue) has a major role in choosing the built materials. Also the thermic insulation considered the suitable manner for damping the thermic stresses among day time and makes the interior environment of the building near the console zone during most months of the a whole year. Natural night and forced ventilation are more important in improving the internal conditions. The construction covering systems show that the interior air temperature thermic damping reach to 96%, 90%, 89%, and 76% for insulated concrete, double, planted and non-insulated concrete coverings. The results also investigate the importance of using the ground as a cooling source through the active concrete system.   Keywords: Thermic insulation, covering, double covering, green covering, shaded covering, building envelope, and thermic console

Estimating Willingness-To-Pay for Reduction in Uncertainty in Water Quality of Contaminated Aquifers

Management of contaminated aquifers is challenged by the limited resources available to monitor and remediate a large number of contaminated sites. Earlier research recognized the negative impacts of spatial data scarcity on the success of aquifer monitoring and remediation plans. Therefore, there exists an important question on how to allocate limited resources to collect additional information to better estimate the risks and remediation priorities versus the willingness to pay by the society. This work introduces one of the early applications of structural benefit transfer to quantify welfare impacts of improving aquifer monitoring in terms of willingness-to-pay (WTP). This work uses health risk assessment methodology and introduces a practical socio-economic framework to estimate individuals’ WTP for a proposed improvement in data gathering. The proposed methodology develops scenarios of uncertainty reductions in subsurface heterogeneity by collecting additional spatial data to reduce health risk to target population and computed the health-economic impact to estimate the aggregate WTP. The variability of characteristics of the target population is represented through probabilistic distributions of income, health state, age, and risk exposure parameters. The proposed methodology produced predictions of WTP that are consistent with the patterns expected in the economic theory and literature. Keywords: Groundwater, contamination, uncertainty reduction, additional data, Willingness-to-Pa

The Trends of Employees of The Higher Council for Youth towards Globalization and Its Impacts on The Social, Economic and Political Life of Youth

This study aims at realizing the trends of employees of the higher Council for youth towards globalization and its impacts on the social, economic and political life of youth. It was applied on (1150) employees, "185" of whom were selected randomly to represent the study sample.The mechanism of such survey was prepared and submitted to a number of arbitrators specialized in this domain, and the its consistency calculated by the repetition method and reached 0.85.The Survey concluded that there is a clear impact of globalization on youth in Jordan, represented in the increase of individualism on the expense of pluralism and in the wide spread unemployment among youth. In addition, the impact of globalization was negative on the adherence of youth to social traditions and customs.The survey also showed that there are no differences in the trends of employees of the higher council for youth toward globalization, that its impacts are attributed to sex and accommodation and that there are no statistically significant differences of attributed to academic qualifications and work experiences.The survey recommended the necessity of finding means and ways to deal with youth in correspondence with the new reality and in a way maintaining social tradition and customs as well as the society and its entity, without affecting the economic, social and political freedom of the individual. Key Words: Globalization, economical, social, political, Council for youth

Performance of Mortar Incorporating Heat-Treated Drinking Water Treatment Sludge as a Silica-Sand Replacement

This paper examines the possibility of using water purification wastes in the production of mortar. Within the study context, XRD and XRF analyses were performed to obtain the chemical composition of sludge. Moreover, heat-treated sludge at a temperature of 900ºC was used in the preparation of mortar mixes as a partial sand replacement (5, 10, 15, and 20% by sand weight) with a w/c of 0.48. Fresh mortars were tested for workability, and mortar samples with 7, 28, and 90 days curing ages were tested for dry density, absorption, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), and compressive and flexural strengths. Besides, some regression modeling was conducted for each of the measured parameters. In general, the results showed that the use of up to 10% incinerated sludge by sand weight leads to a slight decrease in the workability and density of the mixture and a 10% increase in its strength. Nevertheless, mortars with sludge content of over 10% showed a significant increase in water absorption and a decrease in strength and other properties. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-08-08 Full Text: PD

The Impact of Globalization on the Political Culture of the Arab Youths

Abstract: Globalization is economic in its origin Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia) 82 is misleading in terms of dealing with globalization

The Impact of the Secular Traditions on the Development of the Turkish Political System

We have tried to led some light on the remarkable extension of the Ottoman model, secularism in Turkey which separates religion and the state, as well as the political party ( Republican regime) exercised firm control on the religious establishment and monopolizing Islamic activities and gathering its symbols within the institution of the bureaucratic state. Hence then we have discussed the Ottomans empire and how it had developed through their roots in Central Asia, the idea that the state will continue to maintain the so-called "Toro" or "Yasa", which is a set of laws placed directly by the Governor. The Sultans implementation of that principle required political power through the power of legislation. Mustafa Kamal, the founder of the independent turkey, was heavily influenced by the French Revolution and the French tradition of the religious institution (laisiti) is a specific type of active paid strongly secular state given the sweeping effect of the French Enlightenment philosophy and revolutionary ideals to the Kemalist "Turkey Fatta ", it is not surprising to note that one Turkish secularism have developed their own profiles are similar to the early stages of the French allisiti. We also gave some points of views towards the theoretical "strategic depth", which translated into a policy of zero problems, transferred from Turkey a country surrounded by enemies to the country surrounded by friends. The intermediary role highlighted the successes of Turkey. Turkey also known as soft power and its example simulations aim to resolve problems through dialogue, not force. Keywords: Ottoman Empire, secularism, political system, Sheikh al-Islam

Kinodynamic Generation of Wafer Scanners Trajectories Used in Semiconductor Manufacturing

The operation time of an ideal reliable wafer scanner model is defined at the die level where the actual exposure process takes place as the time unit per die, or at the wafer substrate level as the time unit per wafer substrate. Therefore, the machine throughput is given as the reciprocal of the operation time. The involved motion profiles of a machine, namely the step-and-scan trajectories, function as the heartbeats that drive its multidisciplinary elements, which suggests that a multidisciplinary design optimization should be involved when such profiles are selected or designed. This is also true when considering the traverse motion profiles among rows and columns within the wafer substrate. The step-and-scan trajectories affect the machine throughput, performance, and die yield. The effects of tracking such profiles appear as structural vibration, tracking errors, and thermal loading at various machine elements such as the actuators, the reticle, the wafer, and the projection elements specifically when the exposure high-energy duration and frequency are not taken into consideration while designing the reference motion. From the dynamics perspective, having a reference motion with nonzero and bounded higher-order derivatives is recommended since it enhances the tracking performance of the machine, however, its ability to increase the operation time is usually overlooked. In an attempt to understand such effects, we present a case study that outlines the aforementioned aspects using three step-and-scan profiles of mainly $3^{rd}$ -order. Taking the dynamics of the driven stage into consideration through input shaping, both the step-and-scan and traverse motion profiles are analyzed. We provide analytical expressions that can be used to generate both types of motion profiles on the fly without additional optimization. A simulation example of a simplified wafer scanner machine shows the usefulness of the proposed framework. Note to Practitioners - Choosing the most suitable operating conditions of a lithography machine is challenging. These conditions affect machine productivity, profit margin, and maintenance. In this paper, we reveal the relation between the selection of operating conditions based on several decision variables- and the kinodynamic step-and-scan trajectory generation based on specific machine parameters and clients' requirements. Being chart-based, the selection process of an operating point can be less practical at some points. However, using appropriate curve fitting tools, the information provided in the optimal operating charts can be put into suboptimal closed-form expressions that facilitate the selection process. Therefore, the designed trajectories parameters can be easily saved in lookup tables for ease of evaluation and future use. This helps in accommodating changes in the operation plans and flexible manufacturing systems. Also, starting with a given set of machine parameters, it is possible to calculate the optimal machine operating point when the input shaping technique is used, as illustrated in this paper.</p