Using multisystemic treatment for treating juveniles with serious deliquent behaviour in the social observation home in Riyadh city in Saudi Arabia

This study was conducted to examine the use of multisystemic treatment for treating juveniles with serious delinquency, as a new approach within the Saudi Arabian context.Multisystemic treatment addresses behaviour problems as multidetermined by interacting individual, family, school, peers, and community systems. This study attempted to determine the impact of the multisystemic therapy on the behaviour of young offenders with serious delinquency and in increasing their level of self-esteem and religious behaviour.The fieldwork was conducted in 2000-0 I in the Social Observation Home in Riyadh City. The project consisted of three parts: therapists training for one month, a treatment programme for three months and follow up, conducted in two periods of two months each, with a seven months interval. An experimental and control group, prepost test design was adopted. Twenty juveniles with serious delinquency (age 14-18) were assigned to each group. The experimental group received multisystemic treatment, and the control group received the Home's usual service (individual therapy).Outcomes were measured by, self-reports (Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory and Level of Religious Measurement), official misconducts, family relations, peer relations, school attendance & grades and observed religious practice. Qualitative information was obtained from six case studies (three experimental, three control) and from interviews with young offenders, their relatives and the Home staff.The results indicated greater gain and long-term positive impact on the behaviour of young offenders in the experimental than in the control group, on all measures. The improvement in self-esteem and religious practice in association with multisystemic treatment are especially noteworthy, as these factors have been subject to little or no previous investigation, and are particularly important in relation to delinquency in the Saudi context.It is concluded, that provided appropriate resources are allocated to the application, multisystemic treatment can be adapted to meet the unique cultural concerns of the Saudi context

Using multisystemic treatment for treating juveniles with serious deliquent behaviour in the social observation home in Riyadh city in Saudi Arabia

This study was conducted to examine the use of multisystemic treatment for treating juveniles with serious delinquency, as a new approach within the Saudi Arabian context.Multisystemic treatment addresses behaviour problems as multidetermined by interacting individual, family, school, peers, and community systems. This study attempted to determine the impact of the multisystemic therapy on the behaviour of young offenders with serious delinquency and in increasing their level of self-esteem and religious behaviour.The fieldwork was conducted in 2000-0 I in the Social Observation Home in Riyadh City. The project consisted of three parts: therapists training for one month, a treatment programme for three months and follow up, conducted in two periods of two months each, with a seven months interval. An experimental and control group, prepost test design was adopted. Twenty juveniles with serious delinquency (age 14-18) were assigned to each group. The experimental group received multisystemic treatment, and the control group received the Home's usual service (individual therapy).Outcomes were measured by, self-reports (Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory and Level of Religious Measurement), official misconducts, family relations, peer relations, school attendance & grades and observed religious practice. Qualitative information was obtained from six case studies (three experimental, three control) and from interviews with young offenders, their relatives and the Home staff.The results indicated greater gain and long-term positive impact on the behaviour of young offenders in the experimental than in the control group, on all measures. The improvement in self-esteem and religious practice in association with multisystemic treatment are especially noteworthy, as these factors have been subject to little or no previous investigation, and are particularly important in relation to delinquency in the Saudi context.It is concluded, that provided appropriate resources are allocated to the application, multisystemic treatment can be adapted to meet the unique cultural concerns of the Saudi context

Using multisystemic treatment for treating juveniles with serious delinquent behaviour in the Social Observation Home in Riyadh City in Saudi Arabia

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Arterially perfused eye model of uveitis

Objective. To develop an in vitro model of uveitis based on an ex situ perfused eye to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of new pharmacological products. Procedure. Eyes were removed from more than 60 dogs and 9 horses immediately after euthanasia and perfused with nutrient medium through the lateral long ciliary artery. Perfused eyes produced aqueous humour, and perfusion pressure was adjusted to obtain an intraocular pressure in the physiological range. When the eyes were treated with histamine, a complement C5a analogue peptide and hydrogen peroxide, typical signs of uveitis were produced. These included miosis, vascular leakage, reduced intraocular pressure, reduced flow of perfusate and, in some eyes, conjunctival oedema. Results. Canine eyes showed a decrease in intraocular pressure and a decrease in perfusate flow rate when challenged with 100 μmol/L hydrogen peroxide. Flunixin meglumine (5 μmol/L), ketoprofen (5 μmol/L), indomethacin (5 μmol/L) as well as a new drug pirfenidone (10 μmol/L) prevented changes in intraocular pressure induced by hydrogen peroxide, but did not significantly moderate the mediator-induced changes in perfusate flow. Conclusions. This model is suitable for evaluating potential anti-inflammatory activity of drugs without having to induce uveitis in an experimental animal. The technique is suitable for species that range in size from cats to horses. Aust Vet J 1999;77:100-104

The environment and the eye.

The use of the 'environment' has become extended to include population changes, the 'domestic' environment, and cultural factors, in addition to physical influences such as global warming and ultraviolet radiation (UVR). The likely effects of each of these classes of agents on the eye and rates of blindness are illustrated by reference mainly to cataract and trachoma--two of the commonest causes of the world blindness.Trachoma infection and its blinding consequences could be eventually eliminated by environmental measures and changes in behaviour. While the threat of increased incidence of blindness from cataract due to ozone depletion and greater solar UVR has receded, global warming may become a factor in the early onset and rapid progression of cataract. Although we continue to need research into the physical and biological causes of cataract, elimination of world blindness will only be achieved when we understand the conceptual and cultural environments which are inhibiting the acceptance of cataract surgery

Racemisation and human cataract. d-Ser, d-Asp/Asn and d-Thr are higher in the lifelong proteins of cataract lenses than in age-matched normal lenses

Several amino acids were found to undergo progressive age-dependent racemisation in the lifelong proteins of normal human lenses. The two most highly racemised were Ser and Asx. By age 70, 4.5% of all Ser residues had been racemised, along with >9% of Asx residues. Such a high level of inversion, equivalent to between 2 and 3 d - amino acids per polypeptide chain, is likely to induce significant denaturation of the crystallins in aged lenses. Thr, Glx and Phe underwent age-dependent racemisation to a smaller degree. In model experiments, d - amino acid content could be increased simply by exposing intact lenses to elevated temperature. In cataract lenses, the extent of racemisation of Ser, Asx and Thr residues was significantly greater than for age-matched normal lenses. This was true, even for cataract lenses removed from patients at the earliest ages where age-related cataract is observed clinically. Racemisation of amino acids in crystallins may arise due to prolonged exposure of these proteins to ocular temperatures and increased levels of racemisation may play a significant role in the opacification of human lenses