Plug and Abandonment Technologies evaluation and Experimental material testing.

Abstract The conventional method to plug and abandonment (P&A) is characterized by its time-consuming nature, high costs, and associated challenges and risks related to Health, Safety, and Environment (HSE) considerations. In recent years, there has been a growing focus on P&A operations to enhance efficiency and reduce costs. Furthermore, cement plays a critical role in the P&A process, and any failures in its performance can result in various issues such as loss of zonal isolation, loss of wellbore integrity, and potential leakage. This thesis examines the performance and challenges associated with conventional plug and abandonment (P&A) technologies, including cut and pull, section milling, and perforate, wash, and cement (PWC). Case studies are presented to assess the P & A technologies. Moreover, new alternative technologies, solutions, and tools that aim to improve P&A operations are reviewed. This thesis also experimentally investigated the impact of using nano-SiO2 in G-class cement with a 0.44 water-to-cement ratio (WCR). The findings from field trials and laboratory research indicate that alternative technologies, solutions, and tools have demonstrated promising improvements in performance and effectiveness. However, it is necessary to conduct further research and establish performance guidelines before implementing these alternatives. Based on the considered case study, PWC demonstrated significant time savings, with a 65% reduction in operational time compared to section milling and a 70% reduction compared to cut and pull operations. Moreover, the addition of an optimal dosage of 0.242 wt. % SiO2 (by weight of cement) resulted in a significant increase in the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of neat cement. After 3 days and 28 days of curing at atmospheric pressure and temperature, the UCS improved by 39.53% and 24.88%, respectively. Additionally, the optimal SiO2 reduced the water absorption of the neat cement, by 15.00% after 3 days and 20.14% after 28 days cured at 105oC and atmospheric pressure

Conceptual Model for Communication

A variety of idealized models of communication systems exist, and all may have something in common. Starting with Shannons communication model and ending with the OSI model, this paper presents progressively more advanced forms of modeling of communication systems by tying communication models together based on the notion of flow. The basic communication process is divided into different spheres (sources, channels, and destinations), each with its own five interior stages, receiving, processing, creating, releasing, and transferring of information. The flow of information is ontologically distinguished from the flow of physical signals, accordingly, Shannons model, network based OSI models, and TCP IP are redesigned.Comment: 13 pages IEEE format, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, IJCSIS November 2009, ISSN 1947 5500, http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis

The role of the Hawza of Najaf and Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani in restructuring the Iraqi governance system in post-Baathist Iraq

The role of the Shi\u27i religious establishment in the Iraqi transition since 2003 has been the subject of considerable research. To have clearer insight, the present research places this topic within the context of two critical frameworks: the doctrinal and structural aspect of the jurist\u27s guardianship and the religious-political potentials of the conflict between the Iranian walayat al-faqih and Ayatollah al-Sistani\u27s neo-quietist approach. In addition, it sheds light on al-Sistani\u27s influence over three areas: the constitution-making process, rule of law, and the issue of having clerics running in elections. The analysis presented in this paper examines how this Ayatollah\u27s views could affect the ideology and practice of Iraqi Shi\u27i political movements regarding the role of religion in the state. It analyses the role of the religious networks in shaping the prospective outcomes of this hidden dispute between the Iranian Supreme Leader, Ali Khamenei, and the Shi\u27i supreme marja\u27, Ali al-Sistani

Corporate Social Responsibility and Water Consumption and Management Issue: Responsiveness of Hoteliers in Aqaba Special Economic Zone, Jordan

This study attempts to address the issue of water consumption and management from the perspective of tourism business' responsibility. Guided by the theories of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), the study looks at the responsiveness of hoteliers in Aqaba Economic Zone. Specific objectives include: 1) to determine the current status of tourism and hospitality industry in ASEZA, and the current state of water production and consumption in ASEZA using secondary information; and 2) to understand hoteliers' responsiveness though their a) awareness and attitudes towards water consumption and management issues related to the hospitality industry; b)existing practices (internal drives and initiatives) in water management and consumption and c) perspectives on external drivers for water consumption and management using empirical data. To get the information, hoteliers of all 35 hotels of various ratings were approached and interviewed using an open ended survey instrument. The analysis revealed that as tourism become more and more important in Jordan, so does the growth of hotel and apartments to cater for tourists' accommodation. This strengthens the assumption that there is an increasing need for more water resources and water treatment capabilities to cater for the growth. However, analysis also revealed that published data on water needs by tourism in Jordan does not show this because it excludes water usage by other tourism attributes such as toilets in places of attractions, restaurants and rest houses. Instead, those attributes are considered as commercial and residential consumers of water due to technical reasons. Thus, water demand and usage of tourism appears relatively small when in fact, it should be much more significant. Nonetheless, in light of the positive tourism growth, and the low water availability in Jordan. the country should be more realistic in its water usage estimation and prepare an economic strategy to encounter the water shortage in the future, one of which is through CSR. The second part of the study's analysis showed that there was responsiveness toward the rationing of water consumption by hotels managers, since they recognize the issue to be critical and consider water rationing to be as a beneficial part of hotel management. The context in which these hoteliers operate (the dry climate which necessitate control of water use, the establishment of Aqaba Water Company to guide and push them in the right direction. the obvious benefits of water rationing on their operation costs and the general awareness about the links and relationships between their business and the water situation in Jordan) play a big role is molding this responsiveness. The theoretical implications of business responsiveness to water consumption and management issues are that attributes such as 1) business' survival instinct; 2) internal policy and employee support; 3) moral support from governmental and nongovernmental agencies; and 4) business profile are instrumental in enhancing positive responsiveness towards environmental issue, at least in the context of ASEZA. Other theoretical drivers that are relevant (in various degrees) in the context of water consumption and management issue in ASEZA hotel industry are top management commitment, cost minimization, and customer demand (as hotels with foreign clients are more aware of the issue). The issue of "mimicry" of a model agency's norms and actions as suggested by Gladwin's Institutional Model can be applied to the study context because hoteliers emulate Aqaba Water Companies norms and values when dealing with water management issue. Managerial implications of this study are also discussed

ASSESSMENT OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF PUNICA GRANATUM AGAINST ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS TYPE (D)

The search for new antibiotics and alternative products to solve the increasing number of bacterial resistance to customary antibiotics has become an urgent need. To investigate the effectiveness of the extracts prepared from different parts of Syrian Punica granatum Linn (family Punicaceae), against Clostridium perfringens type (D), which is resistant against many antibiotics, 684 samples were isolated from intestines and livers of death goats by using blood agar, and a selective agar for growing of Clostridium perfringens(SPS agar). The isolated bacteria were typed by using ELISA apparatus. Many parts of Punica granatum was extracted with water, absolute alcohol, then ether by using soxhlet apparatus and rotary evaporator. The Antibiotic susceptibility testing of many antibiotics was conducted by using disc diffusion method in anaerobic atmosphere and break points method. The alcoholic extracts prepared from many parts of punica granatum (pericarp, leaves, flowers, seeds) showed different antibacterial effect against Clostridium perfringens type(D),whereas the studied antibiotics had not shown any antibacterial effect, except Clindamycin which showed partial effectiveness.

ANTIBACTERIAL EFFICACY OF VARIETY PLANTS AGAINST THE RESISTANT STREPTOCOCCUS WHICH CAUSE CLINICAL MASTITIS IN COWS

Streptococcus is considered to be one of the most dangerous causes of Clinical mastitis in cows. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of extracts prepared from different parts of the flowing plants: Oleaeuropea Linn(Oleaceae), Myrtuscommunis Linn (Liliaceae) ,thymus vulgaris Linn (Laminaceae), Rosemery Linn(Laminaceae), Ficuscarica Linn (Moraceae), and Achilleafalcata Linn(Asteraceae) against resistant Streptococcus in 1371 Samples of milk. This work was achieved in four stages: First of all, the presence of Streptococcus in 1371 Samples of milk, by using blood agar, Bile Esculin agar, and some bio-chemical tests were investigated .Secondly, the antibacterial activity of many antibiotics on these bacteria by using disc diffusion method were determined.Thirdly, the plants were extracted with water, absolute alcohol, and petroleum Ether by using soxhlet apparatus and rotary vacuum evaporator. Fourthly, the antibacterial activity of the extractions on resistant Streptococcus was determined by using disc diffusion method. This study has shown the presence of different antibacterial effectiveness of the extracts prepared from different parts of those plants. The extract of thymus vulgaris is more effective when compared to the extract of Oleaeur opaea against resistant Streptococcus.

Beta-fibrinogen (-455 G/A) and Integrin beta-3 (PLA1/A2) polymorphisms and recurrent pregnancy loss in Gaza strip-Palestine

Background: This study was conducted in order to determine the relationship between the common polymorphisms in β-fibrinogen-455 G/A (rs1800790) and Integrin beta-3 T196C (PLA1/A2, rs5918) and recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) in a group of Palestinian women residing in Gaza strip. Methods: The study presented here is a retrospective association study with a case-control design. The study population consisted of 102 women who suffered from RPL and 97 healthy women matched for age and without a previous history of RPL. DNA extracted from blood samples of all subjects was investigated for the β-fibrinogen (-455 G> A) and Integrin beta-3 (PLA1/A2) polymorphisms using PCR-RFLP and PCR-SSP, respectively. Results: The study revealed that β–fibrinogen-455G/A minor allele frequency (allele A) and its homozygous genotype (AA) were not significantly different between the RPL and the control groups. Likewise, there was no significant difference in the distribution of the ITGB-3 variant allele (PLA2) or PLA2/A2 genotype between the two groups. β–fibrinogen AA genotype was evident in 3.9% of the patients and in 4.1% of the controls (P-value= 0.94). The frequency of PLA2/A2 was observed in 2.0% of the patients and in 2.1% of the controls (P-value= 0.96). Conclusion: Results of the present study indicate that there is no significant association between the β–fibrinoge

Designing and Synthesising Novel Benzophenone Biscyclic Imides Comprising Drug Moity with Investigating their Antimicrobial Activity

يتضمن هذا البحث  تصميم وتحضير سلسلة من مركبات جديدة تتكون جزيئاتها من مكونين فعالة بايولوجيا هما السلفاميث اوكسازول أوالادوية الحاوية على بيتا-لاكتام والايمايدات الحلقية .تم تحضير المركبات الجديدة  بخطوتين تضمنت الخطوة الاولى تحضير سلسلة من ستة مركبات  (6-1)جديدة هي ثنائي(N- دواء حامض الفثال اميك-4-يل) كيتون  وذلك من تفاعل سلفاميث اوكسازول أوالادوية الحاوية على بيتا-لاكتام   مع  بنزوفينون3, 3′, 4, 4′ - رباعي كاربوكسيل ثنائي أنهدريد. في الخطوة الثانية ، تم سحب ماء من المركبات المحضرة  (1-6)  بأستخدام عملية الصهر مما أسفر عن تكوين المركبات المحضرة (12-7) وهي ثنائي (N- دواء فثال ايمايديل-4-يل) كيتون.  تم دراسة الفعالية المضادة للبكتيريا والفطريات للمركبات المحضرة (7-12) ضد (Bacillus subtilis، Klebsiella pneumoniae، pseudomonas auroginosa and Staphylococcus aurus) وأظهرت جميع المركبات فعالية مضادة للبكتريا جيدة إلى عالية. ومع ذلك ، كانت منطقة التثبيط الاعلى 38 ملم ضد  Staphyloccuss aurusو 36 ملم ضد Bacillus subtilis و 35 ملم Pseudomonas auroginosa  ، و 28 ملم ضد Klebsiella pneumoniae  و 19 ملم ضد فطريات Rhizosporium fungi .The present work involved designing and synthesizing of a series of new. compounds which their molecules are composed from two biologically active components namely sulfamethoxazole or β-lactam containing drugs and cyclic imides. The target new compounds were synthesized by two steps in the first one a series of six bis (N-drug phthalamic acid_4-yl) ketone (1-6) were prepared from the reaction of sulfamethoxazole or β-lactam containing drugs with benzophenone 3, 3′, 4, 4′ -tetracarboxylic dianhydride. In the second step, compounds (1-6) were introduced in dehydration reaction via fusion process producing the target compounds bis (N-drug phthalimidyl-4-yl) ketone (7-12). The antibacterial and antifungal high activities of the prepared compounds (7-12) were tested against (Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas auroginosa and Staphylococcus aurus) and all compounds showed good to high antibacterial activity. However, the maximum inhibition zone was 38 mm against Staphyloccus aurus, 36 mm against Bacillus subtilis, 35 mm against Pseudomonas auroginosa, 28mm against Klebsiella pneumoniae and 19 mm against Rhizosporium fungi