Pattern of distribution and etiologies of Midline diastema among Kurdistan-region Population

Aim of study was to evaluate the prevalence and etiological factors that contribute in midline diastema in Kurdistan region-Iraq population among different age groups and genders. Orthodontic patients sample of (EX: 1021orthodontic patients (537 males and 484 females) were randomly selected from Kurdistan-region population, attending to orthodontic department of khanzad polyclinic teaching center (General directorate of hawler / Ministry of health/ Kurdistan region- Iraq) during 2018-2019 period. Aged (13-35 years) with mean age ± SD was 19.6 ± 4.8 years, with a median of 19 years. The examination included patient history taking, intraoral examination, photograph, intraoral periapical radiography of incisors area and panoramic radiographic. Diastema consider positive when the space between central incisors is 0.5mm and more, width was measured clinically used digital Vernier calipers at one millimeter above the incisors edge. The prevalence of midline diastema was 23.2%. located in the maxilla (97%), in mandible (1.3%) and in both was (1.7%). The prevalence of midline diastema differs significantly between the age groups (p< 0.001). The highest prevalence (55.8%) was among patients aged ? 30 years, and it was also high (37.7%) among those aged < 15 years. The prevalence among females (26.4%) was significantly higher than the prevalence (20.3%) among males (P= 0.020). The main causes of midline diastema in females was thumb sucking and missing lateral incisors (14.1% and 12.5% respectively) and in males was high labial frenum and super numerally teeth (39.4% and 30.3% respectively). Prevalence of diastema in Kurdistan regional- Iraq area was (23.2%), the location mostly in maxilla (97%). The prevalence of diastema in females more than males. The main causes of diastema in females was thumb sucking and missing lateral incisors while in the males was high labial frenum and super numerally teeth

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative sars-cov-2 infection: An international cohort study

Background The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (740%) had emergency surgery and 280 (248%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (261%) patients. 30-day mortality was 238% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (512%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 380% (219 of 577), accounting for 817% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 175 [95% CI 128-240], p&lt;00001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (230 [165-322], p&lt;00001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3-5 versus grades 1-2 (235 [157-353], p&lt;00001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (155 [101-239], p=0046), emergency versus elective surgery (167 [106-263], p=0026), and major versus minor surgery (152 [101-231], p=0047). Interpretation Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Plasmapheresis for Refractory Pruritus due to Drug-Induced Cholestasis

Pruritus can be a distressing symptom seen in various cholestatic disorders. It is treated with medications like bile acid sequestrants. Drug-induced cholestasis usually resolves with withdrawal of the causative medication. We describe a case of refractory pruritus due to drug-induced cholestasis, not improved with withdrawal of the drug, managed effectively with multiple sessions of plasmapheresis

A Female Hair Clip and Orthodontists’ Neck-Back Pain Perception: A Survey

This study aimed to clarify the effect of large hair clips on patient head posture on the dental chair headrest and its harmful impact on orthodontist body posture and neck-back pain. One hundred orthodontists voluntarily participated in a web-based questionnaire designed and distributed online by using the Google form posted in the Telegram group of Iraqi orthodontists to assess the opinions of orthodontists regarding the effect of a large hair clip on the patient’s position on the dental chair and site of pain perception during different stages of orthodontic treatment. Ninety percent of the orthodontists get bothered by the large hair clip. About 92% of the responses preferred their patients to remove the large hair clip; 99% of them responded that the large hair clip does affect the position of the patient’s head on the chair’s headrest. Eighty-nine percent responded that a large hair clip could disturb the operator during taking intraoral photographs, and 64% disturbed while taking dental impressions. Orthodontists reported that 4% had “back pain,” 28% had “neck pain,” and 60% had both “back and neck pain” during bonding appointment, while only 8% reported “no pain.” Regarding the activation appointments, 4% had “back pain,” 26% had “neck pain,” and 48% had both, while only 22% reported “no pain.” During the debonding appointments, 7% of the respondents had “back pain,” 29% had “neck pain,” and 44% had both “back and neck pain,” yet 20% stated absence of pain. Wearing a hair clip and changing patient position on dental chair and orthodontist posture during different stages of orthodontic work such as bonding, regular recall, and depending on the procedure may be directly related to the neck-back pain perception to an orthodontist

A REVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN UNDERSTANDING OF ANTIBIOTIC INTERACTIONS, FROM MECHANISMS OF ACTION TO NOVEL RESISTANCE AND THE SEARCH FOR NATURAL ALTERNATIVES

Recent research has also highlighted the importance of interspecies signalling in terms of ecology, immunology, and evolution. Despite being frequently linked to the direct inhibition of microbial growth, signalling molecules can transmit data about complex, coordinated regulatory phenomena such as virulence island expression, periodic biosynthetic activity, stress responses, cell density, motility, and biofilm formation. Genetically encoded quorum sensing signals, at low concentrations, increase the spread of horizontally acquired antibiotic resistance genes, modify host immune response profiles, and control the expression of virulence determinants. Antibiotics suppress infectious diseases, facilitate health interventions such as surgery, and improve the treatment outcomes of human and animal diseases (e.g., by minimising morbidity, mortality, and hospital length of stay). However, the emergence of drug-resistant biofilms continues to undermine many therapeutic modalities. These intricate settings that provide antibiotics include the presence of individually resistant cells, non-linear nutrient transport and blockage effects, and limited yet subpopulation-biased genetic plasticity. For the longest time, the mainstay of contemporary medicine has been the use of antibiotics to treat bacterial infections 5. However, the creation and spread of antibiotic resistance, a serious worldwide health concern brought on by the abuse and misuse of antibiotics, constantly jeopardises their function. 2. The decrease in the number of novel, efficacious antibiotics being introduced to the market exacerbates these problems. Optimising the usage of already available antibiotics by learning more about how they behave in the intricate microbial and host ecosystems connected to bacterial illnesses is one way to address this. This involves, but is not limited to, looking into how combinations of antibiotics affect treatment outcomes and how these interactions alter in certain settings to either help or hinder the evolution of antibiotic resistance

Code Switching and Code Mixing: A Sociolinguistic Study of Senegalese International Students in Iraqi Colleges

&nbsp;يشيرمصطلح الإبتدال اللغوي إلى الجمع بين العناصر اللغوية من لغتين او لهجتين .&nbsp; لكن قلما يتفق اللغويون حول النطاق الدلالي أو ماهية المميزات التي تميزه عن غيره من المصطلحات التي ترتبط به مثل الامتزاج اللغوي الذي يتداخل من حيث الدلالة مع الإبتدال مسببا الإلتباس في فهم المصطلحين .لذا تحاول هذه الدراسة التأسيس لمدخل&nbsp; لغوي اجتماعي صرف لدراسة هاتين الظاهرتين. وبموجبه تحاول الدراسة تحديد التعاريف الاكثر قبولا والخواص والشروط والعوامل الاجتماعي-لغوية التي يتم إستخدام كل من المصطلحين بموجبها ولتحقيق اهداف البحث واختبار صحة فرضياته يستعرض البحث التعاريف والخواص المميزة والمسائل الاجتماعي-لغوية المؤثرة في استعمال هذين المصطلحين. وعطفا على النتائج التي افرزها التحليل توصل البحث إلى إن الطلبة السنغاليين الأجانب&nbsp; يوظفون الإبتدال اللغوي&nbsp; و الامتزاج اللغوي بسبب تواصلهم بواسطة اربع لغات في بلدهم الام .The term 'code-switching' refers to the juxtaposition of elements from two (or more) languages or dialects. There is, however, little agreement among scholars on either the semantic scope of the term as they use it, or the nature of distinctions to be drawn between it and other, related terms such as&nbsp; code mixing. The term 'code-mixing' is a fluid one that overlaps with 'code-switching'. Switching and mixing may happen to a certain&nbsp; extent in speech of all two languages in a way that results in real confusion in relation to the two sociolinguistic terms. Thus, this work attempts to produce a rather comprehensive socio-linguistic approach to investigate these two distinct&nbsp; but interrelated sociolinguistic phenomena. This includes&nbsp; investigating the most observable operational definitions, distinguishing linguistic features and most influencing sociolinguistic factors on the use of the two terms. In light these aims the study hypothesizes that code- switching and code- mixing can be inspected from various viewpoints. Moreover, the processes of the code- switching and code- mixing&nbsp; and their linguistic aspects and performances are connected. To achieve the aims of this work and test its hypotheses, the most relevant definitions, distinctions and sociolinguistic issues are considered. Based on&nbsp; the findings of the analysis, the study concludes that: Both code switching and code mixing are used by Senegalese students who are studying Arabic in Iraq – Najaf due to the fact of multilingual students were exposed to four languages at a very early age in Senegal, particularly in school interactional settings. Employing certain language(s) in communicating with each other reflects several important vital factors that control their choice of language at any given situation. Switching to Wolof is always the case if one is talking to a fellow citizen. It is easier, clearer and reflects more seriousness too. Moreover, Wolof is used by them in order to show solidarity&nbsp; and intimacy as well as their group identity. In scientifically oriented discussions and exchanges French takes precedence. It’s the language at school, so it is the language of all scientific idioms and expressions

A REVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN UNDERSTANDING OF ANTIBIOTIC INTERACTIONS, FROM MECHANISMS OF ACTION TO NOVEL RESISTANCE AND THE SEARCH FOR NATURAL ALTERNATIVES

Recent research has also highlighted the importance of interspecies signalling in terms of ecology, immunology, and evolution. Despite being frequently linked to the direct inhibition of microbial growth, signalling molecules can transmit data about complex, coordinated regulatory phenomena such as virulence island expression, periodic biosynthetic activity, stress responses, cell density, motility, and biofilm formation. Genetically encoded quorum sensing signals, at low concentrations, increase the spread of horizontally acquired antibiotic resistance genes, modify host immune response profiles, and control the expression of virulence determinants. Antibiotics suppress infectious diseases, facilitate health interventions such as surgery, and improve the treatment outcomes of human and animal diseases (e.g., by minimising morbidity, mortality, and hospital length of stay). However, the emergence of drug-resistant biofilms continues to undermine many therapeutic modalities. These intricate settings that provide antibiotics include the presence of individually resistant cells, non-linear nutrient transport and blockage effects, and limited yet subpopulation-biased genetic plasticity. For the longest time, the mainstay of contemporary medicine has been the use of antibiotics to treat bacterial infections 5. However, the creation and spread of antibiotic resistance, a serious worldwide health concern brought on by the abuse and misuse of antibiotics, constantly jeopardises their function. 2. The decrease in the number of novel, efficacious antibiotics being introduced to the market exacerbates these problems. Optimising the usage of already available antibiotics by learning more about how they behave in the intricate microbial and host ecosystems connected to bacterial illnesses is one way to address this. This involves, but is not limited to, looking into how combinations of antibiotics affect treatment outcomes and how these interactions alter in certain settings to either help or hinder the evolution of antibiotic resistance