Hydrogeology of South Sinjar Plain Northwest Iraq.

The general hydrogeology of the south Sinjar plain was studied and correlated with the adjacent anticlinal area to its east. This old plain is underlain by the Upper Fars Formation of Upper Miocene age while the foothills to the east are underlain by the Lower Fars Formation of Middle Miocene age. The oldest formation is exposed in the core of the highest mountain in the area, Sinjar, which provides the northern limit of the watershed of the area. The extensive aquifers of the Upper Fars Formation bear fresher waters than the less important Lower Fars aquifers, although the latter have played an important role in the deposition of economic sulfur in many of the anticlines. The average annual rainfall in the area ranges between 200 and 400 mm and provides enough replenishment for the aquifers to be sufficient for agricultural and stock use. The data collected from the field includes water level measurements in the different aquifers, ground water conductivity, pH, temperature and representative water samples. More than two hundred such samples were analyzed in detail together with previously available analyses, making a total of 326 samples available for interpretation. -11. The flow of ground water was studied from prepared water level maps and the characteristics of the aquifers studied from the experimental pumping tests in the field. The major problem in this area is the poor quality of the ground water. This feature has been studied with the application of computer programmes which have dealt with all the available analyses, and have given clear classification for the different waters in the aquifers. These results have also been correlated with the geological classification of water

Tectonic and geologic evolution of Syria

Publisher's version archived with permission from publisher.Using extensive surface and subsurface data, we have synthesized the Phanerozoic tectonic and geologic evolution of Syria that has important implications for eastern Mediterranean tectonic studies and the strategies for hydrocarbon exploration. Syrian tectonic deformation is focused in four major zones that have been repeatedly reactivated throughout the Phanerozoic in response to movement on nearby plate boundaries. They are the Palmyride Mountains, the Euphrates Fault System, the Abd el Aziz-Sinjar uplifts, and the Dead Sea Fault System. The Palmyrides include the SW Palmyride fold and thrust belt and two inverted sub-basins that are now the Bilas and Bishri blocks. The Euphrates Fault System and Abd el Aziz-Sinjar grabens in eastern Syria are large extensional features with a more recent history of Neogene compression and partial inversion. The Dead Sea transform plate boundary cuts through western Syria and has associated pull-apart basins. The geological history of Syria has been reconstructed by combining the interpreted geologic history of these zones with tectonic and lithostratigraphic analyses from the remainder of the country. Specific deformation episodes were penecontemporaneous with regional-scale plate-tectonic events. Following a relatively quiescent early Paleozoic shelf environment, the NE-trending Palmyride/Sinjar Trough formed across central Syria in response to regional compression followed by Permian-Triassic opening of the Neo-Tethys Ocean and the eastern Mediterranean. This continued with carbonate deposition in the Mesozoic. Late Cretaceous tectonism was dominated by extension in the Euphrates Fault System and Abd el Aziz-Sinjar Graben in eastern Syria associated with the closing of the Neo-Tethys. Repeated collisions along the northern Arabian margin from the Late Cretaceous to the Late Miocene caused platform-wide compression. This led to the structural inversion and horizontal shortening of the Palmyride Trough and Abd el Aziz-Sinjar Graben

浅い礫床河川における河川流量の長期および短期変動に関する研究

広島大学(Hiroshima University)博士(工学)Doctor of Engineeringdoctora

Mesozoic and Cenozoic deformation inferred from seismic stratigraphy in the southwestern intracontinental Palmyride fold-thrust belt, Syria

This paper was published in the Geological Society of America Bulletin. The Geological Society of America retains the copyright to this paper. Geological Society of America, P.O. Box 9140 , Boulder, CO 80301-9140 USA See also: http://www.geosociety.org/; http://atlas.geo.cornell.edu/syria/chaimov_gsa_bull_1992.htmlThe Palmyride fold belt in central Syria is an intracontinental northeast-trending, 400 by 100 km transpressive belt embedded in the northern Arabian platform. During the Late Paleozoic and most of the Mesozoic the region of the present-day mountains was a rift-like trough that collected over 5 km of sediments, for a total Phanerozoic thickness of over 10 km. The southwestern sector of the fold belt is bounded in the north by the Jhar fault and in the south by the south-vergent frontal thrust faults of the Palmyrides, with the broad Al-Daww depression in between. Structural features that characterize the southern and southwestern region of the Palmyrides include a short wavelength, typically 5-10 km, fold style controlled by a regional low-angle decollement within Triassic beds, and small inverted Jurassic and Early Cretaceous normal faults. Small intermontane basins (about 10 X 30 km) whose strata can be used to document the history of Palmyride deformation flank growth fault-bend folds and are mainly a product of Cenozoic shortening in the belt. These structures are elucidated by about 2000 km of newly available seismic reflection data in the Palmyrides. Synthetic seismic traces generated solely from forward modeling of outcrop information constrain seismic stratigraphic picks in two small basins about 100 km northeast of Damascus. There, minor Late Cretaceous uplift caused local onlap, marking the first inversion phase of the Palmyride trough. Tectonic quiescence throughout the Paleogene, interrupted only in the Middle Eocene by minor tectonism, resulted in monotonous deposition of about 2500 m of mostly limestone. Marked onlap and probable downlap of Lower Miocene strata onto an Oligocene angular unconformity indicate accelerated tectonism by Late Oligocene to Early Miocene time. This marks the beginning of the major phase of inversion and uplift of the Palmyrides. Recent seismicity indicates that transpression continues today. Despite its relative remoteness from convergent plate boundaries (the nearest, the Bitlis suture in southern Turkey, is about 300 km distant), the Late Cretaceous, Middle Eocene, and Neogene phases of deformation in the intraplate setting of the Palmyrides have a direct temporal relationship with major regional tectonism that occurred along the surrounding Arabian plate boundaries. The Palmyride trough was inverted in Late Cretaceous time and, subsequently, developed into a transpressive zone throughout Neogene and Quaternary times. Thus, the initiation of inversion in the Palmyrides, an integral part of the Syrian Arc, which extends from central Syria southward to central Sinai, apparently predates development of the Red Sea/Dead Sea plate boundary. In contrast, the intense Neogene through Quaternary deformational episode is clearly related to development of the Red Sea/Dead Sea fault system and to convergence along the northern boundary of the Arabian plate in southern Turkey

FLOWER QUALITY CHARACTERS RESPONSE OF GRAFTED AND NON-GRAFTED CAPE JASMINE (GARDENIA JASMINOIDES ELLIS) TO FOLIAR IRON SPRAY AND PACLOBUTRAZOL TREATMENTS

Two pot experiments of grafted cape jasmine (Gardenia jasminoides on G. thunbergia rootstock) and non-grafted cape jasmine were carried out in lath house, Horticulture Dept., Agriculture College, Tikrit University at the agricultural season of 2013. The effect of foliar iron spray and paclobutrazol treatments on flower quality characters of these plants was investigated. Foliar iron spray (Fe2SO4 6%) at the rate of 1 ml.L-1 was applied every 15 and 30 days. The paclobutrazol treatment was added as drench application on three levels (0, 10 and 20 mg.L-1). Factorial experiment within Randomized Complete Block Design was used. The results showed that superior iron spraying treatment affected the flower number, weight and diameter. Foliar spray every 30 days gave the highest flower number (8.68) of grafted plant and (0.88) of non-grafted plant. Adding paclobutrazol at the level of 10 mg.L-1 resulted insignificant increase in flower weight of non-grafted plant (3.079). The interaction treatment between foliar iron spray every 30 days and pacloburazol level (20 mg.L-1) gave the highest volatile oil content (0.68 µg.g-1)

Efficient phase unwrapping

In the field of optical interferometry, two-dimensional projections of light interference patterns are often analysed in order to obtain measurements of interest. Such interference patterns, or interferograms, contain phase information which is inherently wrapped onto the range -t to it. Phase unwrapping is the processes of the restoration of the unknown multiple of 2ir, and therefore plays a major role in the overall process of interferogram analysis. Unwrapping phase information correctly becomes a challenging process in the presence of noise. This is particularly the case for speckle interferograms, which are noisy by nature. Many phase unwrapping algorithms have been devised by workers in the field, in order to achieve better noise rejection and improve the computational performance. This thesis focuses on the computational efficiency aspect, and picks as a starting point an existing phase unwrapping algorithm which has been shown to have inherent noise immunity. This is, namely, the tile-based phase unwrapping method, which attains its enhanced noise immunity through the application of the minimum spanning tree concept from graph theory. The thesis examines the problem of finding a minimum spanning tree, for this particular application, from a graph theory perspective, and shows that a more efficient class of minimum spanning tree algorithms can be applied to the problem. The thesis then goes on to show how a novel algorithm can be used to significantly reduce the size of the minimum spanning tree problem in an efficient manner.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Clinical Classification of Acute Respiratory Symptoms in a Sample of Under Five Years Children in Erbil City

Background: Pneumonia is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. They are responsible for the death of more than two million children under five year of age every year10, 11. Objective: To find out the proportions of clinical types of respiratory tract infections, also to find out the factors that might be associated with severity of pneumonia and to compare the proportions of pneumonia between the hospital and primary health care centers attendees. Patients and Methods: Case series study conducted among 300 children aged two months to five years in the outpatient clinic of Raperin Teaching Hospital / Erbil and six primary health care centers(PHCCs)from the first of march 2017 to thirty of march 2018. The questioner was completed through direct interview. A chi square test of association was used to compare proportions. A p value equal or less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The majority of cases 42% of the patients were infant and 59% were male. Sever pneumonia was diagnosed in 7%, pneumonia 5% and no pneumonia 88%. all of the patients presented with the cough, wheeze 100% in sever pneumonia 86% in pneumonia, and 35% in other group, fever are high in all groups, lethargy was higher among sever pneumonia patients (81%), chest indrawing also high among those with sever pneumonia 76.2% and those with pneumonia was 73.3% while only 1.5% among other groups. also unable to drink in sever pneumonia was 81%. No association between the diagnosis of pneumonia and sever pneumonia with age, gender and residence. The prevalence of sever pneumonia was 12.5% among low socioeconomic status (SES), 2.2% among those of moderate socioeconomic status and 0% among high socioeconomic status.The prevalence of pneumonia and sever pneumonia were higher among those with family history of asthma and higher among those whose father was smoker. Also 13.3% of the hospital cases had severe pneumonia compared with 0.7% of the cases of the PHCCs. Regarding pneumonia, 4% of the hospital cases had pneumonia compared with 6% of the cases of PHCCs. Conclusion: This study showed significant association with wheezes, immunization, history of chronic illness, SES, family history of asthma and smoking in father. The majority of cases with sever pneumonia was higher among hospital cases compared with PHCC. and pneumonia cases were lesser in hospital compared with PHCC

Upper crustal velocity structure and basement morphology beneath the intracontinental Palmyride fold-thrust belt and north Arabian platform in Syria

An edited version of this paper was published in Geophysical Journal International by Blackwell Publishing. Copyright 1993, Blackwell Publishing. See also: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0956-540X&site=1; http://atlas.geo.cornell.edu/syria/seber_gji_1993.htmThe intracontinental Palmyride fold-thrust belt, which is the site of an inverted Mesozoic rift, is sandwiched between two crustal blocks, the Aleppo plateau in the north and the Rutbah uplift in the south. The 400 x 100 km belt merges with the Dead Sea fault system in the southwest and gradually ends near the Euphrates depression in the northeast. Very dense (i.e., 100 m geophone spacing), reversed and multifold seismic refraction profiling was carried out to map approximately the upper 15 km of the crust in the early 1970s. These refraction data are utilized to model sedimentary rock thickness, seismic velocity, and basement morphology. Extensive data coverage also enables identification of the major faults of the region. A 2-D ray tracing technique is used in the modeling. Interpretation of these data indicates that five distinct velocity layers characterize the upper crust of the northern Arabian platform in Syria. The P-wave velocities within these layers are (in km s-1): 2.0-2.8, 4.0-4.4, 5.2-5.3 , 5.5-5.7, corresponding to sedimentary rocks from Quaternary to late Precambrian in age, and 5.9-6.0, corresponding to metamorphic basement. A comparison of the velocity models with the available drill hole information and seismic reflection profiles shows strong velocity variations in a given geologic formation, depending on the depth and location of the formation. The depth to metamorphic basement beneath the Palmyride fold belt clearly shows a deep trough, filled with Phanerozoic sedimentary rocks. These rocks decrease in thickness from about 11 km in the southwest to about 9 km in the central segment of the belt. The basement depth is about 6 km in the Aleppo plateau and not less than 8 km in the Rutbah uplift. Deeper basement in the Rutbah uplift is probably the result of a Precambrian rifting episode, clearly identified to the south in Jordan and Saudi Arabia. Cenozoic crustal shortening of about 20-25% across the southwestern segment of the Palmyride belt has not been sufficient to substantially reduce the size of the basement trough beneath this mountain belt. Finally, northeast decreasing basement depth in the Palmyrides supports the idea that the Palmyride Mesozoic rifting was developed as an aulacogen of the rifted Levantine margin along the eastern Mediterranean

Behavioral outcome measures used for human neural stem cell transplantation in rat stroke models

Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability, leading to the development of various stroke models to test new treatments, most commonly in the rat. Human stroke trials focus on disability, related primarily to neurological deficits. To better model the clinical application of these treatments, many behavioral tests have been developed using the rat stroke model. We performed a systematic review of all the behavioral outcome measures used in published studies of human neural stem cell transplantation in rat stroke models. The reviewed tests include motor, sensory, cognitive, activity, and combination tests. For each test, we give a brief description, trace the origin of the test, and discuss test performance in the reviewed studies. We conclude that while many behavioral tests are available for this purpose, there does not appear to be consensus on an optimal testing strategy