Molecular and morphological diagnosis of plant parasitic nematodes in wheat growing areas of Eastern Anatolia Region

Bitki paraziti nematodların buğdayda önemli ekonomik kayıplara yol açtığı bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi'nde buğday üretiminin yoğun olarak yapıldığı alanlarda zararlı nematod türlerinin morfolojik ve moleküler olarak belirlenmesidir. Bu amaçla, Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi'ne ait toplam 7 ilden (Erzurum, Erzincan, Iğdır, Kars, Malatya, Elazığ ve Sivas) 258 toprak örneği alınmış, morfolojik ve moleküler olarak incelenmiştir. Morfolojik tanılama cins düzeyinde ışık mikroskobu kullanılarak gerçekleşmiştir. Moleküler tanılama için DNA'lar ekstrakte edilerek PCR analizleri yapılmış olup elde edilen PCR ürünleri DNA Dizi analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Elde edilen verilere göre; toplam 2 takım (Rhabditia ve Dorylaimida) içerisinde 9 familyaya (Dolichodoridae, Tylenchidae, Hoplolaimidae, Pratylenchidae, Tylenchulidae, Anguinidae, Aphelenchidae, Aphelenchoididae ve Longidoridae) ait 20 cins (Ditylenchus, Trophurus, Paratylenchus, Filenchus, Rotylenchus, Tylenchus, Pratylenchoides, Scutylenchus, Bitylenchus, Tylenchorinchus, Amplimerlinius, Xiphineme, Zygotylenchus Helicotylenchus, Pratylenchus, Telotylenchus, Merlinius, Geocenomus, Aphelenchus ve Aphelenchoides), 7 tür (Helicotylenchus digonicus, Scutylenchus quadrifer, Ditylenchus myseliophagus, Amplimerlinius macrurus, H. canadensis , H. vulgaris ve Pratylenchoides alkani) morfolojik olarak tespit edilmiştir. Helicotylenchus vulgaris moleküler tekniklerle tür düzeyinde belirlenmiştir. Yapılan bu çalışmaların, bölgedeki nematod mücadele yöntemlerine yardımcı olacağı düşünülmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Triticum spp., nematod, dişi larva, mikroskobi, DNA, PCR, teşhis.It is well known that plant parasitic nematodes cause important economic losses in wheat crop. The aim of this study is to determine the plant parasitic nematodes using morphological and molecular techniques in intense wheat planted fields in East Anatolia. For this purpose, 258 soil samples were collected from 7 different provinces of the East Anatolia Region (Erzincan, Erzurum, Igdır, Kars, Malatya, Elazıg, Sivas) and they were identified as morphologically and molecularly. Morphological identifications were done by using light microscope on the level of genus. DNA extractions were peformed for PCR analyzes and products were subjected to DNA sequencing and analysis. According to the obtained data, overall 7 species (Helicotylenchus digonicus, Scutylenchus quadrifer, Ditylenchus myseliophagus, Amplimerlinius macrurus, H. canadensis, H. vulgaris and Pratylenchoides alkani) 20 genera (Ditylenchus, Trophurus, Paratylenchus, Filenchus, Rotylenchus, Tylenchus, Pratylenchoides, Scutylenchus, Bitylenchus, Tylenchorinchus, Amplimerlinius, Xiphineme, Zygotylenchus Helicotylenchus, Pratylenchus, Telotylenchus, Merlinius, Geocenomus, Aphelenchus ve Aphelenchoides), in 9 family (Dolichodoridae, Tylenchidae, Hoplolaimidae, Pratylenchidae, Tylenchulidae, Anguinidae, Aphelenchidae, Aphelenchoididae ve Longidoridae) from 2 phyla (Rhabditia and Dorylaimida) were identified morphologically. Helicotylenchus vulgaris was identified on the species level by molecular techniques. It is thought that this study will help to wheat nematode control in these regions. Key Words: Triticum spp., nematod, female juvenile, mikroskobe, DNA, PCR, diagnosis

<i>Heterodera schachtii</i> (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) Associated with Cabbage-Cultivation Systems in Anatolia Region of Türkiye

Heterodera schachtii (Schmidt, 1871) (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) is one of the most widespread plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) associated with cabbages, which cause severe yield losses in cruciferous vegetables. This study aimed to improve the current understanding of the prevalence and detection of H. schachtii in the cabbage-growing areas of Niğde Province, Türkiye. Field surveys were conducted between November and December 2021, and 100 soil samples were collected immediately after cabbage harvesting. Heterodera schachtii populations were identified by morphological and morphometric methods along with Internal Transcribed Spacer of the ribosomal region (ITS-rDNA) and Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit (COI-mtDNA) sequencing. The mean body length of H. schachtii was 463 ± 7 μm, while stylet and hyaline length ranged between 20.7–27.8 μm and 20.1–32.1 μm, respectively. Nearly half of the surveyed areas were infested with H. schachtii with a 41% incidence rate. However, the Merkez District had the highest proportion of infested fields with an over 51% incidence rate. The population density was determined in 41 samples with a mean of 79.5 cysts per 250 g of soil. These results will help to determine the control and management strategies of H. schachtii