Comparison of functional outcomes and complications of conservative management verses surgical fixation with a locking compression plate in the treatment of displaced middle third clavicular fracture

Background: About 3 to 5 percent of all fractures are clavicle fractures, which account for 45 percent of fractures at the shoulder. While fractures of the lateral and medial thirds of the clavicle account for 15% and 5% of all clavicle fractures, respectively, middle third fractures account for 80% of all clavicle fractures.Methods: patients were divided into two groups at random. Patients selected for conservative treatment with figure of eight Clavicle Brace and arm sling/pouch were treated with the brace immediately and for surgical intervention with locking plating. Constant and Murley's scoring system was used to check for signs of healing and functional improvementResults: The 40 patients in the current study include 20 with a new fracture of the mid-third clavicle who underwent surgical treatment with clavicular locking compression plate and screws and 20 who underwent conservative treatment with a figure-eight clavicle brace and arm pouch/sling. There was a statistically significant difference in the Constant and Murley score between the surgical group and the conservative group.Conclusions: According to the present study, patients with a displaced mid-third clavicle fracture may benefit more from surgery than from conservative treatment.

Dynamic Behavior of the Transition Zone of an Integral Abutment Bridge

Weaker sections of a railway track, such as the approach sections, are prone to differential settlement under the action of repeated train loads. The railway tracks degrade more quickly at a critical section adjacent to a traditional rail bridge because of progressive deterioration. Opting for an integral abutment instead of a traditional bridge is gaining importance due to its improved performance in terms of track stiffness and reduced settlement. It is essential to understand such issues with the appropriate methodologies. This study investigates the behavior of an integral abutment bridge with the transition zone subjected to train loading. Generally, the transition zone is a two-part wedge section consisting of unbound granular material and cement bound mixture. A field monitored traditional abutment bridge system is used to validate the developed two-dimensional Finite Element (FE) model. The model is further developed to simulate the dynamic behavior of the transition zone against the varying speeds of the train. The parametric study is performed on the transition zone by varying its geometric configurations and considering different materials for the backfill. The results indicate that the trapezoidal approach slab influences the track displacement significantly. The transition zone thickness and material properties of the backfill have a greater effect on the overall track response. Based on the results, the stable transition zones are identified to cater to the gradual stiffness variation during train–track interaction

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Not AvailableGlobally, soil salinity has been on the rise owing to various factors that are both human and environmental. The abiotic stress caused by soil salinity has become one of the most damaging abiotic stresses faced by crop plants, resulting in significant yield losses. Salt stress induces physiological and morphological modifications in plants as a result of significant changes in gene expression patterns and signal transduction cascades. In this comprehensive review, with a major focus on recent advances in the field of plant molecular biology, we discuss several approaches to enhance salinity tolerance in plants comprising various classical and advanced genetic and genetic engineering approaches, genomics and genome editing technologies, and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)-based approaches. Furthermore, based on recent advances in the field of epigenetics, we propose novel approaches to create and exploit heritable genome-wide epigenetic variation in crop plants to enhance salinity tolerance. Specifically, we describe the concepts and the underlying principles of epigenetic recombinant inbred lines (epiRILs) and other epigenetic variants and methods to generate them. The proposed epigenetic approaches also have the potential to create additional genetic variation by modulating meiotic crossover frequency.NASF/CRISPR-Cas-7003/2018-19/GATES/Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation/United State

Genetic, Epigenetic, Genomic and Microbial Approaches to Enhance Salt Tolerance of Plants: A Comprehensive Review

Globally, soil salinity has been on the rise owing to various factors that are both human and environmental. The abiotic stress caused by soil salinity has become one of the most damaging abiotic stresses faced by crop plants, resulting in significant yield losses. Salt stress induces physiological and morphological modifications in plants as a result of significant changes in gene expression patterns and signal transduction cascades. In this comprehensive review, with a major focus on recent advances in the field of plant molecular biology, we discuss several approaches to enhance salinity tolerance in plants comprising various classical and advanced genetic and genetic engineering approaches, genomics and genome editing technologies, and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)-based approaches. Furthermore, based on recent advances in the field of epigenetics, we propose novel approaches to create and exploit heritable genome-wide epigenetic variation in crop plants to enhance salinity tolerance. Specifically, we describe the concepts and the underlying principles of epigenetic recombinant inbred lines (epiRILs) and other epigenetic variants and methods to generate them. The proposed epigenetic approaches also have the potential to create additional genetic variation by modulating meiotic crossover frequency

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Not AvailableSalinization of soils and freshwater resources by natural processes and/or human activities has become an increasing issue that affects environmental services and socioeconomic relations. In addition, salinization jeopardizes agroecosystems, inducing salt stress in most cultivated plants (nutrient deficiency, pH and oxidative stress, biomass reduction), and directly affects the quality and quantity of food production. Depending on the type of salt/stress (alkaline or pH-neutral), specific approaches and solutions should be applied to ameliorate the situation on-site. Various agro-hydrotechnical (soil and water conservation, reduced tillage, mulching, rainwater harvesting, irrigation and drainage, control of seawater intrusion), biological (agroforestry, multi-cropping, cultivation of salt-resistant species, bacterial inoculation, promotion of mycorrhiza, grafting with salt-resistant rootstocks), chemical (application of organic and mineral amendments, phytohormones), bio-ecological (breeding, desalination, application of nano-based products, seed biopriming), and/or institutional solutions (salinity monitoring, integrated national and regional strategies) are very effective against salinity/salt stress and numerous other constraints. Advances in computer science (artificial intelligence, machine learning) provide rapid predictions of salinization processes from the field to the global scale, under numerous scenarios, including climate change. Thus, these results represent a comprehensive outcome and tool for a multidisciplinary approach to protect and control salinization, minimizing damages caused by salt stress.Not Availabl

Salt Stress in Plants and Mitigation Approaches

Salinization of soils and freshwater resources by natural processes and/or human activities has become an increasing issue that affects environmental services and socioeconomic relations. In addition, salinization jeopardizes agroecosystems, inducing salt stress in most cultivated plants (nutrient deficiency, pH and oxidative stress, biomass reduction), and directly affects the quality and quantity of food production. Depending on the type of salt/stress (alkaline or pH-neutral), specific approaches and solutions should be applied to ameliorate the situation on-site. Various agro-hydrotechnical (soil and water conservation, reduced tillage, mulching, rainwater harvesting, irrigation and drainage, control of seawater intrusion), biological (agroforestry, multi-cropping, cultivation of salt-resistant species, bacterial inoculation, promotion of mycorrhiza, grafting with salt-resistant rootstocks), chemical (application of organic and mineral amendments, phytohormones), bio-ecological (breeding, desalination, application of nano-based products, seed biopriming), and/or institutional solutions (salinity monitoring, integrated national and regional strategies) are very effective against salinity/salt stress and numerous other constraints. Advances in computer science (artificial intelligence, machine learning) provide rapid predictions of salinization processes from the field to the global scale, under numerous scenarios, including climate change. Thus, these results represent a comprehensive outcome and tool for a multidisciplinary approach to protect and control salinization, minimizing damages caused by salt stress