Characterization of hydrocarbon reservoir by pore fluid and lithology using elastic parameters in an x field, Niger Delta, Nigeria

Quantitative rock physics analysis was carried out to determine the lithology and pore fluid of a reservoir in the Niger Delta. Density, compressional wave velocity and shear wave velocity logs were used as input to calculate elastic parameters such as velocity ratio, Poisson’s ratio, and Bulk Modulus, after estimating the hydrocarbon reservoir in the X field. The calculated velocity ratio log was used to differentiate between sand, sandstone and shale. Poisson’s ratio and velocity ratio were used delineate pore fluid content; gas sand, oil sand and sandstone formation from cross plot analysis. The reservoir in the field lies ranges from 9050 - 9426.5ft, (2760.25 – 2874.93m), this confirm what is obtained in the Niger Delta Basin. The Net Pay zones show an economical viable reservoir, it Net pay depth is 39 – 73.5ft. The Porosity and Permeability of the reservoirs suggested a productivity hydrocarbon reservoir. The reservoir lies between Gas sands, Oil sands and Brine sands, reservoir 2 and reservoir 3 are oil sand reservoirs while reservoir 1 lies between an oil sand and a brine sand

PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND COMPACTION CHARACTERISTICS OF MODIFIED STARCH OF DISCOREA ALATA USING DICLOFENAC SODIUM TABLET

Objective: This work focused on evaluating the micromeritic and compressional properties of pregelatinized African water yam (Discorea alata) starch and its modified forms with comparison to pregelatinized corn starch and microcrystalline cellulose.Methods: Two modifications of the water yam starch were prepared; acetone dehydrated pregelatinized form (DSA) and an admixture of DSA and pregelatinized corn starch (CDSA). A third form of starch is the acetone dehydrated pregelatinized corn starch (CSA). These were used to form batches compacted as tablets using diclofenac sodium as the active moiety. Physicochemical and flow characteristics of the starch powders were elucidated, and the drug starch compatibility studies done using the Fourier transform Infra-red (FTIR) technique. Compaction studies were investigated on tablets formed at different compression pressures and Heckel plots were prepared.Results: The slope of the straight line (K) of 0.8959 was greatest for F1 while yield pressure (Py) value of 10.965 was highest for F3. These values from the Heckel plot suggest that while the tablets of control batch of microcrystalline cellulose (F4) and a batch of pregelatinized corn starch (F2) formed harder compacts, less likely deformed plastically, the Discorea alata batch (F1) and the admixed batch (F3) were likely to deform plastically. Also, the binding efficiency of the compact was significantly high (47.81%Kgscm-1) for F4 at 56.5Kpas compaction pressure, higher than that obtainable for any of the other formulations at the compaction pressures under consideration. All starches formed had similar moisture content (of 10%) despite the different sources but the interaction between the water molecule and pregelatinized water yam starch improved as revealed by viscosity(7.18mPas), hydration capacity(3.27%) and swelling index (250%) of CDSA.Conclusion: It could be concluded that pregelatinized water yam starch could be used as a substitute for corn starch or microcrystalline cellulose as a pharmaceutical excipient (binder/filler) in tablets formulation

Emulsifying Properties of Hemicelluloses

This chapter focuses on the emulsifying properties of hemicelluloses. Hemicelluloses are gummy polysaccharides of complexity between gum and cellulose. Based on the major monosaccharide constituents of their backbone, hemicelluloses can be classified into xylans, mannans, xylogalactans and xyloglucans. Their sources include seeds, husks, straws, leaves and wood. Hemicelluloses bring about emulsification by viscosity modification and by formation of multilayered films around each globule of the dispersed phase. They have strong emulsifying power but are somehow limited by batch-to-batch variation and susceptibility to microbial and chemical degradations. These limitations are overcome by the use of purified and semisynthetic derivatives. Hemicelluloses and derivatives herein considered for their emulsifying properties include those from barley straw, wheat straw, corn fiber, locust bean, guar, soy bean, konjac, prosopis seed and afzelia seed. Hemicelluloses, as plant polysaccharides, are only second to cellulose in terms of abundance. They have superior emulsifying properties compared to the typical gums. They are amenable to many chemical modifications for the enhancement of stability and for the improvement of emulsifying properties. Hemicelluloses were not given adequate attention in the past; but this chapter shows that they are potentially useful emulsifying agents

Perceived Relative Factors Influencing Nurses’ Practice of Health Promotion for Women in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria

Socio-cultural factors negate the health of women. Therefore, health promotion as a focus of nursing practice aimed at capitalizing on the inherent capacities of women to establish health priorities, goals and strategies to improve their health. A descriptive survey with the purpose of ascertaining the influence of culture, social and health policies on nurses’ practice of health promotion was undertaken. Three hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. A sample of one hundred and thirty six nurses participated in the study. A validated questionnaire with a test-retest reliability coefficient (r) of 0.79 was used for data collection. Correlation analysis was carried out to test hypotheses. The results revealed that 132 (97.1%) participants were female with a mean (SD) age of 40 ± 7.29. Many participants 58 (42.6%) perceived that social policies have high influence on their practice of health promotion. The results also showed significant negative correlation between culture and practice of health promotion (r = -0.532; p = 0.01) while the practice of health promotion was significantly and positively correlated with social policies (r = 0.515; p = 0.01). It was recommended that negative cultural practices be addressed through social policies and health education of women on negative cultural practices in order to enhance the practice of health promotion for them

Shale volume and permeability of the Miocene unconsolidated turbidite sands of Bonga oil field, Niger delta, Nigeria

Bonga oil field is located 120km (75mi) southeast of the Niger Delta, Nigeria. It is a subsea type development located about 3500ft water depth and has produced over 330 mmstb of hydrocarbon till date with over 16 oil producing and water injection wells. The producing formation is the Middle to Late Miocene unconsolidated turbidite sandstones with lateral and vertical homogeneities in reservoir properties. This work, analysis the petrophysical properties of the reservoir units for the purpose of modeling the effect of shale content on permeability in the reservoir. Turbidite sandstones are identified by gamma-ray log signatures as intervals with 26-50 API, while sonic, neutron, resistivity, caliper and other log data are applied to estimate volume of shale ranging between 0.972 v/v for shale intervals and 0.0549 v/v for turbidite sands, water saturation of 0.34 v/v average in most sand intervals, porosity range from 0.010 for shale intervals to 0.49 v/v for clean sands and permeability values for the send interval 11.46 to2634mD, for intervals between 7100 to 9100 ft., Data were analyzed using the Interactive Petrophysical software that splits the whole curve into sand and shale zones and estimates among other petrophysical parameters the shale contents of the prospective zones. While Seismic data revealed reservoir thickness ranging from 25ft to over 140ft well log data within the five wells have identified sands of similar thickness and estimated average permeability of700mD. Within the sand units across the five wells, cross plots of estimated porosity, volume of shale and permeability values reveal strong dependence of permeability on shale volume and a general decrease in permeability in intervals with shale volume

Geoelectric Investigation for Groundwater Development of Southern Part of Nigeria

A resistivity survey was carried out in order to study groundwater potentials in the southern part of Nigeria; Obio Etoi, Obio Offot, the University of Uyo, all of the Uyo Local Government Area, and Akwa Ibom State. Twelve vertical electrical soundings using the Schlumberger array were conducted. The soundings were carried out with current electrode spacing (AB/2) ranging from 1m to 400m using Terrameter model 300 and its accessories. The field data acquisition was carried out by moving two to four of the electrodes used between each measurement. All of the data was first calculated in the field to check its quality. The apparent resistivity obtained from the field was plotted against half the current electrode separation (AB/2) on the bilogarithmic graph paper to obtain the initial parameters, which were used in a computer program to obtain final parameters. From the interpreted results, six subsurface layers were distinguished in each of the regions, the resistivity ranging from 307 to 16100Ωm (thickness 0.6 – 26.7m) in Obio Offot, 1260 to 16300Ωm (thickness 0.79 – 110.9m) in Obio Etoi and 526 to 17000Ωm (thickness 0.23 and above) in the University of Uyo. The formation boundaries were thus delineated using the resistivity values obtained from the interpretation of field data. The top fine sandy layers (27, 39 and 20m could be a major source of shallow well water, but the aquifers may be susceptible to contamination. Deep boreholes can be reached at less than 75.69, 75.2 and 60m without contamination

Thermal conductivity estimates in the Niger Delta using lithologic data and geophysical well logs

Thermal ock properties and heat flow were determined from 260 wells in the Niger Delta. The thermal conductivity data provides inputs for the determination of heat flow and for thermal evaluation of the Niger Delta basin. A map has been constructed using lithologic data and geophysical well logs to give an overview of its distribution. The thermal conductivity for sand and shale, the predominant lithology in the Niger Delta, shows wide variations from one well to another. In the Benin Formation, thermal conductivity has an average value of 8 W/mK. The lowest values are found offshore westward, while highest values occur northward. The conductivity values, however, decrease towards the marine paralic section, with an average value of 5 W/mK, the region of highest interest. The thermal conductivity values have been used in calculating heat flow. A significant regional trend of relatively low (20-30 mW/m2) heat flow at the central part of the delta, increases both seaward and northward (40-55 mW/m2). The lowest values of heat flow as low as 20 mW/m2 are recorded in the central part of the delta while the highest values exceeding 50 mW/m2 are recorded in the northern part of the delta. Knowl edge of thermal properties has direct relevance for hydrocarbon exploration. It has been established that the bulk of hydrocarbon accumulation in the Niger Delta is of thermal origin, hence the importance of this findings

FORMULATION AND IN-VITRO EVALUATION OF THEOPHYLLINE HYDROCHLORIDE EFFERVESCENT FLOATING TABLETS: EFFECT OF POLYMER CONCENTRATION ON TABLET BUOYANCY

Objective: This study was undertaken to formulate a floating drug delivery system of theophylline hydrochloride using different concentrations of a chosen polymer and then investigate how polymer concentration affects buoyancy and drug release properties of the tablets. Methods: Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) at different concentration levels of 15% (F1), 20% (F2) and 30% (F3) was used to form the three formulation batches of floating tablets. Wet granulation method was used for the granule preparation while Sodium bicarbonate and citric acid were used as the gas generating agent. The physical properties of the granules and the floating tablets were evaluated. Also determined were the physicomechanical properties, buoyancy and swelling characteristics of the tablets. The in vitro drug release study was carried out according to the USP I (basket method) for 8h in 900 ml 0.1N HCl at 50 rpm. Samples withdrawn at the regular predetermined time were analyzed spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 271 nm and data obtained statistically analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The differences between means were considered significant at P<0.05. Results: The result showed that polymer (HPMC) concentration significantly (p>0.05) increased swelling index and improved floating lag time, it had no significant effect on the total floating time. Percentage drug release at the end of 8 h was 100%, 98.2% and 96.13% for formulation F1, F2 and F3, respectively. All three formulations followed the Higuchi drug release kinetics model and the mechanism of drug release was the non Fickian diffusion with exponents of 0.46, 0.51 and 0.56 for the respective batch. Conclusion: Batch F3 gave a better-controlled drug release and floating properties in comparison to batch F1 and F2 thus Polymer concentration influenced the onset of floating and controlled the release of Theophylline

Awareness and practive of health promotion for women in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria

Aim: A descriptive survey was undertaken to ascertain nurses’ awareness and level of practice of health promotion among women in Calabar. Background: Women’s health is affected by array of factors; nurses could have a major impact in increasing women’s capacity to exercise increased control over their lives and determinants of health. Method: One hundred and thirty six nurses drawn from the ante-natal clinics of primary, secondary and tertiary health facilities in Calabar participated in the study. A questionnaire with a content validity index of 0.91 was used for data collection. The test-retest reliability coefficient of the questionnaire was (r) 0.79. Ethical issues were addressed. Data were analyzed with statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 15. Findings: Majority 110 (80.9%) of the participants were highly experienced, 96 (70.6%) were managers while only 52 (38.2%) had 1st degree and above. Health education was the most mentioned strategy of health promotion by participants 136 (100.0%) while specific protection was the least mentioned 3(2.2%). Only about half of the respondents 68 (50.0%) practiced health promotion appropriately. Nurses’ rank and years of working experience were significantly associated with appropriate practice. Conclusion: Nurses averagely practice health promotion. It was therefore recommended that Nurse Managers should provide learning opportunities to fill observe gaps in knowledge and motivate junior nurses to engage in women’s health promotion at every opportunity

Geology and Stratigraphy of Middle Cretaceous Sequences Northeast of Afikpo Basin, Lower Benue Trough, Nigeria.

The geology of northeast of Afikpo basin consists of two major lithostratigraphic units of sandstone ridges and low-lying shales, each of which forms significant component of the Middle Albian Asu River Group and Turonian Ezeaku Formation. The major folds in the area have northeast southwest trend, south easterly dip and comprise both anticlines and synclines. The area is also marked by two significant angular unconformities; one interformational between the Asu River Group and Ezeaku Formation, and the other intraformational within the Ezeaku Formation. Mineral assemblages, poor to moderate sorting and angular to subrounded shapes of the minerals suggest a possible model in which sedimentary materials of northeast Afikpo basin were derived from proximal basement granites probably the Oban Massif and deposited in shallow to deep marine environments under fluctuating energy levels, with two major breaks in deposition in the Cenomanian and Turonian times