Cytokines and Chemokines in Neuropsychiatric Syndromes of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Neuropsychiatric syndromes of systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) is a life-threatening disorder and early diagnosis and proper treatment are critical in the management of this neuropsychiatric manifestations in lupus. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electroencephalogram (EEG), neuropsychological tests, and lumbar puncture are clinical used for the diagnosis of NPSLE. In addition to these tests, cytokine and chemokine levels in CSF have been reported as useful diagnostic marker of NPSLE. Based on the number of recently published studies, this review overviewed the roles of cytokines and chemokines in NPSLE

7-Methoxy-1-{[(Z)-3-nitrophenylimino](phenyl)methyl}-2-naphthol

In the title compound, C24H18N2O4, the phenyl and benzene rings are both oriented almost perpendicular to the naphthalene ring system at dihedral angles of 70.97 (5) and 84.64 (5)°. The former rings make a dihedral angle of 87.15 (6)°. The mol­ecule has a Z configuration about the C=N bond. In the crystal, mol­ecules are connected by a pair of inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds between the hy­droxy and the nitro group, forming centrosymmetric dimers. Inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions also occur

Crystal structure of 7-methoxy-1-{[(E)-2,6-dimethylphenylimino] (phenyl)methyl}-2-naphthol: Clarification of non-covalent bonding interactions on the basis of spatial organization of single molecular structure and the molecular alignments

Crystal structure of the title compound, 7-methoxy-1-{[(E)-2,6-dimethylphenylimino] (phenyl)methyl}-2-naphthol, which has N-aryl group instead of ketonic carbonyl group has been comparatively analysed with the precursor compound of 1-benzoyl-2-hydroxy-7-methoxynaphthalene. The distinct features in the molecular accumulation structures of title triarylimine compound and the precursor diaryl ketone demonstrate that the spatial organization of the former is mainly determined π-π stacking interaction and for the latter the non-classical hydrogen bondings govern the spatial organization. Besides both of the compounds show non-coplanaryl accumulation of aromatic rings molecular structure, the title compound has molecular core of imino group which attaches three aromatic rings of C-1-naphthyl, C-phenyl, and N-phenyl stems of nearly perpendicular alignment of each aryl groups to residual two aryl ones respectively, giving highly congested circumstance at the inner site of molecules. On the other hand, the precursor aromatic ketone molecule has relatively large space compared to title compound, enabling conformational flexibility to some extent within restriction of maintaining non-coplanar organization. The molecules of the precursor compound in crystal are stabilized by a number of non-covalent bonding interactions, mainly by non-classical hydrogen bondings. The achievement stabilization contributed a number of non-classical hydrogen bonding is considered to be due to the inner-molecular motility of single molecular structure. Contrarily, the congested inner-molecular situation of title compound makes largely rigid molecular conformation, which affords at the same time exposure of three aromatic planes outside the molecular core. The single molecular organization permits π-π stacking interaction stabilization instead of formation of a number of weak interactions. Thus, the governing factors for the distinct feature of the single molecular and the accumulation structures of title compound and the precursor are interpreted from the viewpoint of predominantly effective intermolecular interaction, a strong π-π stacking interaction or sum of weak non-classical hydrogen bondings, determined by the inner-molecular congestive conditions directly affects the inner-molecular motility

(3,5-Dimethyl­phen­yl)[8-(3,5-dimethyl­benzo­yl)-2,7-dimeth­oxy­naphthalen-1-yl]methanone

In the title mol­ecule, C30H28O4, the inter­planar angle between the two benzene rings of the 3,5-dimethyl­benzoyl groups is 50.35 (7)°. The dihedral angles between the two benzene rings and the naphthalene ring system are 81.87 (6) and 83.55 (6)°. In addition, the conformations of the pairs of methyl groups and their counterparts differ from each other though their environment is very similar. In the crystal, weak C—H⋯O inter­actions occur

(2-Hy­droxy-7-meth­oxy­naphthalen-1-yl)(phen­yl)methanone

In the mol­ecule of the title compound, C18H14O3, there is an intra­molecular O—H⋯O=C hydrogen bond between the carbonyl and hy­droxy groups on the naphthalene ring system. The angles between the C=O bond vector and the least-squares planes of the naphthalene ring system and the phenyl ring are 30.58 (6) and 42.82 (7)°, respectively, while the dihedral angle between the naphthalene ring system and the phenyl ring is 58.65 (5)°. In the crystal, mol­ecules are connected by pairs of inter­molecular O—H⋯O=C hydrogen bonds, forming centrosymmetric dimers

[2,7-Dimeth­oxy-8-(2-naphtho­yl)naphthalen-1-yl](naphthalen-2-yl)methanone

The mol­ecule of the title compound, C34H24O4, possesses crystallographically imposed twofold C 2 symmetry. The two 2-naphthoyl groups at the 1- and 8-positions of the central naphthalene ring are aligned almost anti­parallel [5.21 (5)°]. The dihedral angle between the central 2,7-dimeth­oxy­naphthalene unit and the terminal naphthyl groups is 75.13 (4)°. In the crystal, weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and π–π stacking inter­actions [centroid–centroid and inter­planar distances are 3.6486 (8) and 3.3734 (5) Å, respectively] are observed

(2,7-Dimeth­oxy­naphthalen-1-yl)(3-nitro­phen­yl)methanone

The title compound, C19H15NO5, has an intra­molecular C—H⋯O=C hydrogen bond between a naphthalene H atom and the O atom of the carbonyl group. The inter­planar angle between the naphthalene ring system and the benzene ring is 69.59 (5)°. The dihedral angle between the bridging carbonyl C—C(=O)—C plane and the naphthalene ring system is 61.02 (6)°, which is far larger than that between the bridging carbonyl plane and the benzene ring [12.68 (7)°]. The nitro group is slightly out of the plane of the benzene ring [O—N—C—C torsion angle = 4.97 (17)°]. In the crystal, the packing is mainly stabilized by C—H⋯O inter­actions between an H atom of the benzene ring and an O atom of the nitro group

Crystal structure of 1-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)-2,7-dimethoxynaphthalene: Contribution of classical and non-classical hydrogen bonding interactions to the molecular packing structure

Crystal structure of 1-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)-2,7-dimethoxynaphthalene, C19O4H16, is reported from the viewpoint of characteristics in the helical alignments and difference compared to the crystal structure of a structural isomeric compound. The asymmetric unit of title compound contains two conformers A and B. Furthermore, the molecules in crystal exhibit atropisomerism brought about by molecular stereogenic axis of carbon-carbon bond between the carbonyl moiety and the naphthalene ring. Therefore, a pair of R- and S-enantiomeric molecules exists for each conformer. The two pairs of the enantiomeric molecules are related by two-fold helical axis in the asymmetric unit of P21/c space group, exhibiting the number of molecules is eight, Z = 8. Single molecular structure of title compound shows non-coplanarly accumulated aromatic-rings structure. The molecular packing structure is mainly stabilized non-classical hydrogen bonds involving C-H…O hydrogen bonds and C-H…π ones, however O-H…O=C classical hydrogen bonds are solely formed between same configured conformers. Comparison with the spatial alignment of an isomeric homologue, 2-hydroxy-1-(4-methoxy benzoyl)-7-methoxynaphthalene, has clarified that substitution position of hydroxy group determines not only direction of classical hydrogen bonds but also total feature of molecular packing, i.e., the homologous compound, which has hydroxy group at 2-position of naphthalene core forms intramolecular O-H…O=C classical hydrogen bond, and O-H…OMe classical hydrogen bonds between opposite enantiomeric isomers. The presence/absence and direction of the predominantly strong classical hydrogen bonds govern balance of interactions of other less effective classical and non-classical hydrogen bonds in molecular packing. In homologous compound, each of non-classical hydrogen bonds between same signed enantiomeric isomers and those between opposite enantiomeric isomers demonstrates almost same distances. In title compound, both types of non-classical hydrogen bonds formed by conformer A are imbalanced. The imbalanced non-classical hydrogen bonds are adjusted and reinforced by non-classical hydrogen bonds between conformers A and B

7-Meth­oxy-1-(4-nitro­benzo­yl)naph­thalen-2-yl 4-nitro­benzoate

In the title compound, C25H16N2O8, the dihedral angle between the naphthalene ring system and the benzene ring of the nitro­phenyl ketone unit is 82.64 (7)°. The bridging ester O—C(=O)—C plane makes dihedral angles of 42.12 (8) and 11.47 (9)°, respectively, with the naphthalene ring system and the benzene ring of the nitro­phenyl ester unit. In the crystal, two types of weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions are observed