Cerebral infarction due to embolism (image 3).

<p>A: ROI surrounding the large infarction area, B: dwell time in the ROI (A), C: ROI surrounding the ACA infarction area, D: dwell time in the ROI (C). The dwell time in the large infarction area did not significantly differ between the two groups (B), whereas the dwell time in the ACA infarction area was significantly longer for neurologists than for controls (D).</p

The presented images (images 4–6), saliency maps, and heat maps.

<p>A–C: the three CT images presented to subjects, D–F: saliency maps, G–I: heat maps in neurologists, J–L: heat maps in controls. Presented CT images are lacunar infarction (A: image 4), hyperacute cerebral infarction with old infarctions (B: image 5), and subarachnoid hemorrhage with acute subdural hemorrhage (C: image 6). Saliency maps reveal that the most outstanding areas are the ventricles (D, E, F). Heat maps reveal that neurologists gaze more frequently at the clinically important lesions than controls do in all images; these are the lacunar infarction area in image 4 (G), the hyperacute MCA infarction area in image 5 (H), and the acute subdural hemorrhagic area in image 6 (I).</p

The presented images (images 1–3), saliency maps, and heat maps.

<p>A–C: the three CT images presented to subjects, D–F: saliency maps, G–I: heat maps in neurologists, J–L: heat maps in controls. Presented CT images are the normal brain (A: image 1), cerebral hemorrhage from the putamen (B: image 2), and cerebral infarction due to embolism (C: image 3). Saliency maps reveal that the most outstanding areas are the ventricles and cistern (D), the large hemorrhagic area (E), and the region of physiological calcification (F). Heat maps in neurologists and controls reveal that the most frequently fixated areas are similar between the two groups in images 1 and 2 but not in image 3; specifically, they are the ventricles and cistern in image 1 (G, J), the large hemorrhagic area in image 2 (H, K), and the ACA infarction area for neurologists and the region of physiological calcification for controls in image 3 (I, L).</p

Cerebral hemorrhage from putamen (image 2).

<p>A: Region of interest (ROI) surrounding the large hemorrhagic area, B: dwell time in the ROI (A), C: ROI surrounding the intra-ventricular hemorrhage, D: dwell time in the ROI (C). The dwell time in the large hemorrhagic area did not significantly differ between the two groups (B), whereas the dwell time in the intra-ventricular hemorrhage was significantly longer for neurologists than for controls (D).</p

presentation_1_Resting-State Pallidal-Cortical Oscillatory Couplings in Patients With Predominant Phasic and Tonic Dystonia.PDF

<p>Pallidal deep brain stimulation (DBS) improves the symptoms of dystonia. The improvement processes of dystonic movements (phasic symptoms) and tonic symptoms differ. Phasic symptoms improve rapidly after starting DBS treatment, but tonic symptoms improve gradually. This difference implies distinct neuronal mechanisms for phasic and tonic symptoms in the underlying cortico-basal ganglia neuronal network. Phasic symptoms are related to the pallido–thalamo–cortical pathway. The pathway related to tonic symptoms has been assumed to be different from that for phasic symptoms. In the present study, local field potentials of the globus pallidus internus (GPi) and globus pallidus externus (GPe) and electroencephalograms from the motor cortex (MCx) were recorded in 19 dystonia patients to analyze the differences between the two types of symptoms. The 19 patients were divided into two groups, 10 with predominant phasic symptoms (phasic patients) and 9 with predominant tonic symptoms (tonic patients). To investigate the distinct features of oscillations and functional couplings across the GPi, GPe, and MCx by clinical phenotype, power and coherence were calculated over the delta (2–4 Hz), theta (5–7 Hz), alpha (8–13 Hz), and beta (14–35 Hz) frequencies. In phasic patients, the alpha spectral peaks emerged in the GPi oscillatory activities, and alpha GPi coherence with the GPe and MCx was higher than in tonic patients. On the other hand, delta GPi oscillatory activities were prominent, and delta GPi–GPe coherence was significantly higher in tonic than in phasic patients. However, there was no significant delta coherence between the GPi/GPe and MCx in tonic patients. These results suggest that different pathophysiological cortico-pallidal oscillations are related to tonic and phasic symptoms.</p