Data on fluoride concentrationlevelinvillages of Asara(Alborz,Iran)anddaily fluoride intake based ondrinkingwaterconsumption

In thepresentdataarticle, fluoride concentrationlevelsofdrinking water(withspringorgroundwatersources)in10villagesofAsara area locatedinAlborzprovinceweredeterminedbythestandard SPADNSmethodusingaspectrophotometer(DR/2000Spectro- photometer,USA).Daily fluoride intakeswerealsocalculated based ondailydrinkingwaterconsumption.The fluoride content werecomparedwithEPAandWHOguidelinesfordrinkingwater

The Relationship Between EFL Teachers’ Perception and Practice of Collaboration and Their Self-Efficacy

The present study aimed at investigating the relationship between EFL teachers’ perception and practice of collaboration on the one hand and their self-efficacy on the other hand overall. To this end, two piloted questionnaires were distributed among 125 EFL teachers in Guilan province, Iran. The participants were asked to answer two questionnaires: One including 12 paired collaboration items developed by Leonard (2002), and another one including 24 items on teachers’ self-efficacy developed by Tschannen-Moran and Woolfolk Hoy (2001). The findings of the study indicated a small positive relationship between EFL teachers’ perception of collaboration and their self-efficacy (rho = +.176) and a positive medium relationship between their practice of collaboration and their self-efficacy (rho = +.415). Finally, the results of the study revealed that there was a positive medium relationship between EFL teachers’ self-efficacy and their total collaboration (rho = +.388). These results suggested that teachers’ collaboration with their colleagues and their sharing of experiences, expertise, and strategies can help them become efficacious practitioners while teaching in their classrooms, engaging learners, and managing their classrooms, all of which are the positive outcomes of being efficacious teachers. Keywords: self-efficacy, collaboration, teachers, EF

Effect of ESS on Olfactory Threshold of Patients with CRS without Nasal Polyps.

peer reviewed[en] OBJECTIVES: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is characterized by a long-time inflammatory disease of nasal and sinus mucosa. Olfactory dysfunction is common among CRS patients with a prevalence ranging from 48% to 83%. We aimed to assess the effect of ESS on olfactory function of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps. METHOD: This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 30 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps. Patients were randomly allocated to two intervention and control groups; patients in intervention group underwent endoscopic sinus surgery by a single surgeon and control group continued standard treatment with nasal irrigation of normal saline (4 times daily) and nasal corticosteroids (one puff in each nostril daily). Olfactory threshold was evaluated using smell threshold test (STT) before, one month and three months after intervention. RESULTS: Eventually 33 patients with a mean age of 42.70 ± 15.50 years in intervention and 43.12 ± 11.50 years in control group underwent analysis (p value=0.930). Mean olfactory threshold was 2.79 ± 0.73 in intervention and 2.67 ± 1.05 in control group prior to intervention (p value=0.345). Mean change of olfactory threshold was 0.30 ± 0.79 in intervention and 0.38±1.09 in control group one month after intervention (p value=0.214). Mean change of olfactory threshold was 0.13 ± 0.94 in ESS and 0.33 ± 0.60 in control group three months after intervention (p value=0.196). CONCLUSION: Our study revealed that changes in olfactory threshold were not significantly different between two ESS and standard medical therapy groups one and three months after intervention

Effect of Amphotericin B on Treatment of Chronic Rhinosinusitis: A Double-blind Randomized Clinical Trial

Background Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is the inflammation of paranasal sinus mucous membranes. Considering the influence of fungi on chronic rhinosinusitis and different results concerning the effect of Amphotericin B on improvement of this condition; this study aimed to determine the effect of topical Amphotericin B on improvement of the symptoms in patients with CRS. Methods In this double-blind randomized clinical trial, 80 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis who visited the allergy clinic of Baqiyatallah Hospital from June to October 2014 were randomly allocated to two groups; the first group received 10 cc topical lavage of Amphotericin B (5 cc each nostril for every 12 hours) and the second group received placebo for three months. Symptoms, nasal mucusa smear, serum level of inflammatory cytokines, CT scan and rhinoscopy score changes were evaluated in both groups after three months. Results Fifty-five male and 25 female patients were evaluated in two groups. The mean age was 26.1 ± 2.36 and 27.9 ± 1.59 years in intervention and control groups respectively (P = 0.08). There were no significant differences in demographic data between the groups (P > 0.05). Nasal obstruction, post nasal drip (PND), reduced sense of smell, quality of life, CT scan and rhinoscopy scores were not significantly different between the two groups after intervention (P > 0.05). Facial pain severity score was significantly more reduced in intervention group in comparison with control group (P < 0.01). Conclusions We concluded that application of Amphotericin B as an adjunctive medication to other common treatments, does not seem to be an efficient method for improvement of CRS symptoms