Reduction of SiO2 content in sinter ore and its effect on blast furnace operation

46.50; Translated from Japanese (Tetsu To Hagane 1987 v. 74(15) p. 2076-2083)Available from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:9022.06(BISI-Trans--26566)T / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreSIGLEGBUnited Kingdo

Dugong grazing and turtle cropping: grazing optimization\ud in tropical seagrass systems?

Grazing by dugongs and cropping by green turtles have the capacity to alter the subsequent nutritional quality of seagrass regrowth. We examined the effects of simulated light and intensive grazing by dugongs and cropping by turtles on eight nutritionally relevant measures of seagrass chemical composition over two regrowth periods (short-term, 1–4 months; longterm, 11–13 months) at two seagrass communities (a mixed species community with Zostera capricorni, Halophila ovalis, Halodule uninervis, Cymodocea rotundata and C. serrulate; and a monospecific bed of Halodule uninervis) in tropical Queensland, Australia. The concentrations of organic matter, total nitrogen, total water-soluble carbohydrates, total starch, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, acid lignin, as well as the in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were measured in the leaves and below-ground parts of each\ud species using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy\ud (NIRS). Regrowth of preferred species such as H. ovalis\ud and H. uninervis from simulated intensive dugong grazing after a year exhibited increased (by 35 and 25%, respectively, relative to controls) whole-plant N concentrations. Similarly, regrowth of H. ovalis from\ud simulated turtle cropping showed an increase in the\ud leaf N concentration of 30% after a year. However, these gains are tempered by reductions in starch concentrations\ud and increases in fiber. In the short-term, the N concentrations increased while the fiber concentrations\ud decreased. These data provide experimental support for a grazing optimization view of herbivory in the tropical seagrass system, but with feedback in a different manner. Furthermore, we suggest that in areas where grazing is the only major source of natural disturbance, it is likely that there are potential ecosystem level effects if and when numbers of dugongs and turtles are reduced