4 research outputs found
Topological Anomaly Detection in Dynamic Multilayer Blockchain Networks
Motivated by the recent surge of criminal activities with
cross-cryptocurrency trades, we introduce a new topological perspective to
structural anomaly detection in dynamic multilayer networks. We postulate that
anomalies in the underlying blockchain transaction graph that are composed of
multiple layers are likely to also be manifested in anomalous patterns of the
network shape properties. As such, we invoke the machinery of clique persistent
homology on graphs to systematically and efficiently track evolution of the
network shape and, as a result, to detect changes in the underlying network
topology and geometry. We develop a new persistence summary for multilayer
networks, called stacked persistence diagram, and prove its stability under
input data perturbations. We validate our new topological anomaly detection
framework in application to dynamic multilayer networks from the Ethereum
Blockchain and the Ripple Credit Network, and demonstrate that our stacked PD
approach substantially outperforms state-of-art techniques.Comment: 26 pages, 6 figures, 7 table
Bioelectronic Medicine: a multidisciplinary roadmap from biophysics to precision therapies
Bioelectronic Medicine stands as an emerging field that rapidly evolves and offers distinctive clinical benefits, alongside unique challenges. It consists of the modulation of the nervous system by precise delivery of electrical current for the treatment of clinical conditions, such as post-stroke movement recovery or drug-resistant disorders. The unquestionable clinical impact of Bioelectronic Medicine is underscored by the successful translation to humans in the last decades, and the long list of preclinical studies. Given the emergency of accelerating the progress in new neuromodulation treatments (i.e., drug-resistant hypertension, autoimmune and degenerative diseases), collaboration between multiple fields is imperative. This work intends to foster multidisciplinary work and bring together different fields to provide the fundamental basis underlying Bioelectronic Medicine. In this review we will go from the biophysics of the cell membrane, which we consider the inner core of neuromodulation, to patient care. We will discuss the recently discovered mechanism of neurotransmission switching and how it will impact neuromodulation design, and we will provide an update on neuronal and glial basis in health and disease. The advances in biomedical technology have facilitated the collection of large amounts of data, thereby introducing new challenges in data analysis. We will discuss the current approaches and challenges in high throughput data analysis, encompassing big data, networks, artificial intelligence, and internet of things. Emphasis will be placed on understanding the electrochemical properties of neural interfaces, along with the integration of biocompatible and reliable materials and compliance with biomedical regulations for translational applications. Preclinical validation is foundational to the translational process, and we will discuss the critical aspects of such animal studies. Finally, we will focus on the patient point-of-care and challenges in neuromodulation as the ultimate goal of bioelectronic medicine. This review is a call to scientists from different fields to work together with a common endeavor: accelerate the decoding and modulation of the nervous system in a new era of therapeutic possibilities