Proširenost virusa virusnog proljeva u tkivima spolnog sustava goveda.

In this study, the cellular localisation and distribution of BVD viral antigens in genital system tissues were investigated in 65 non-pregnant dairy cows and in 65 bulls. For this study genital system tissue samples, taken from slaughtered bulls with no pathological lesions and from females having reproductive problems, were marked using the immunoperoxidase method on their paraffin sections. BVD viral antigens were determined in 15 of the 65 non-pregnant dairy cows (consistent with cell culture results) using the indirect immunoperoxidase method. BVD viral antigens were present in macrophage-like cells in the stroma of the ovaries and uterus. No BVD viral antigens were observed in the samples of testicles, epididymis, vesicula seminalis, or prostate in the male animals. In all animals, including BVDV-positive ones, no pathologic lesions were observed, except periodically non-specific subepithelial or stromal mononuclear cell infiltrations. Most of these cells were seen to be formed by lymphocytes and macrophages.Istražena je lokalizacija i proširenost antigena virusa virusnog proljeva goveda u tkivima spolnog sustava 65 negravidnih mliječnih krava i 65 bikova. U tu svrhu rabljen je imunoperoksidazni test na histološkim rezovima tkiva. Tom metodom pretraženi su uzorci tkiva spolnih organa uzeti od zdravih zaklanih bikova te krava s reprodukcijskim poremećajima. Virusni antigeni dokazani su u 15 od 65 krava (sukladno s uzgojem virusa na staničnoj kulturi). Antigeni su bili prisutni u makrofagima sličnim stanicama unutar strome jajnika i maternice. Virusni antigeni nisu dokazani u uzorcima tkiva testisa, epididimisa, sjemene vrećice i prostate bikova. U pretraženih životinja, uključujući i one pozitivne na virus, nisu zabilježene patološke promjene, osim povremenih nespecifičnih subepitelijalnih ili stromalnih mononuklearnih infiltracija limfocitima i makrofagima

15-yıllık periyotta İstanbul Türkiye’de dermatofitoz şüpheli köpek ve kedilerden izole edilen dermatofitler: Güncellenmiş rapor

The present research was aimed to determine the prevalence of dermatophytes isolated from symptomatic dogs and cats, within a 15-year-period, in the city of Istanbul, Turkey. Dermatological specimens were collected from 1504 dogs and 846 cats, which were presented clinical signs of ringworm. Direct microscopy and mycological cultures were performed. The fungal growth rate was detected at 8.2% and 22.8% from dogs and cats, respectively. Microsporum canis was the most frequently isolated species followed by Trichophyton spp., M. gypseum, T. mentagrophytes, M. nanum, other Microsporum spp. moreover T. tonsurans. The cats less than two-year age and more than ten-year age showed a statistically significant higher isolation rate of infection (p < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between the age of the dogs and the dermatophyte isolation rate and between the gender of the dogs and cats and the dermatophyte isolation rate. As a conclusion, the data suggest an updated report on local epidemiology and define potential etiologic agentsBu araştırma, İstanbul ilinde 15 yıllık bir süre içinde semptomatik köpek ve kedilerden izole edilen dermatofitlerin yaygınlığını belirlemeyi amaçlamıştır. Dermatolojik örnekler ringworm klinik belirtileri gösteren 1504 köpek ve 846 kediden toplandı. Direkt mikroskopi ve mikolojik kültürler yapıldı. Mantar üreme oranları, köpeklerde % 8.2 kedilerde % 22.8 olarak saptandı. En sık izole edilen tür Microsporum canis idi. Bunu Trichophyton spp., M. gypseum, T. mentagrophytes, M. nanum, diğer Microsporum spp. ve T. tonsurans takip etti. İki yaşından küçük ve on yaşından büyük kediler, istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede yüksek bir etken izolasyon oranı gösterdi (p <0.05). Köpeklerin yaşı ve dermatofit izolasyon oranları ile kedi ve köpeklerin cinsiyeti ve dermatofit izolasyon oranları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunmadı. Sonuç olarak, veriler yerel epidemiyoloji üzerine güncel bir rapor sunmakta ve olası etiyolojik ajanları tanımlamaktadır

Banks interest income and expence analysis and sample application

Kalkınmakta olan ülkelerde finansal kurumlar yeterli ölçüde gelişmemiş olduğundan, Bankacılık sektörü finansal sistemimizin temel taşlarını oluşturur. Bankacılığın günümüzdeki temel işlevleri ise aracılık etmek, kaynaklara akıcılık sağlamak, kaynak kullanımını iyileştirmek, kısa süreli ufak fonları uzun süreli fonlar haline dönüştürmektir. Son yıllarda kalkınmakta olan ülkelerdeki siyasi istikrarsızlıkların, faiz oranları üzerinde son derece etkili olması, piyasadaki yoğun rekabetin kar marjlarını daraltması, sistem üzerinde disfonksiyonel etkiler oluşturmuştur. Bu etkilerin giderilmesini teminen iyi bir fiyatlama stratejisi etkili bir kaynak maliyeti hesabının yapılmasını zorunlu kılmıştır. Bazı temel kavramların açıklanması suretiyle uygulamaya yönelik bir kaynak maliyetini hesaplama ve kullanım geliri ile karşılaştırma ve bunun sonucuna göre hedefler belirleme amacını güden bu tezin birinci bölümünde; teorik ve pratik bilgilere yer verilmiş, kaynak kullanım yönetiminin temel kavramları, zorunlu yükümlülükler, kaynak maliyeti, kullanım gelirleri ve yönetim giderleri ele alınmış, ikinci bölümünde pilot seçilen bir ilçede kaynak kullanım optimizasyon tekniği ve örnek bir uygulamaya yer verilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümünde ise, kaynak kullanım optimizasyon tekniği kullanılarak bir banka işletmesinin bir ildeki merkez şubesine ilişkin genel örnek uygulamaya yer verilmiş ve merkez şubenin verilerinin incelenmesi sonucunda yapılan değerlendirmeler ile sonuçlandırılan bu tezdeki hedef, bu metod kullanılarak banka işletmelerinin karlı ve verimli çalışabilmesi için stratejiler belirlemektir.In developing countries because financial institutions are not well developed banking sector plays a very important role in the financial system, Banking sectors main roles today are, to be a mediator, provide fluidity for sources, to improve use of sources, bring fund which are small and short-term to big and long-term funds. The unstable situation of the political trend in the last years played a great role in the interest rates, profit margins and rivalry (competition) in the market this situation brought dysfunctional situations in the system. To reduce the effects of the situation, to calculate the cost of the sources and to have a pricing strategy is obligatory. To understand the basic concepts, comparison between calculations of cost resource and used revenue should be done and in first part of this thesis the aim is to come up with results taking these calculations in to consideration; the data information is provided by practical and the theoretical means, basic concepts of the management to use of resources, the law, cost of the recourses, the cost of use of the source and management cost are discussed in the first part. In the second part, a district is taken as a sample and an optimization technics is used with a sample in practice is applied. In the third part the optimization technics fort he use of resource are used for a bank as a sample, in district and in the data taken from a central branch of the bank as a example the values gave the goal of the thesis which is to have new strategies for more profitable and productive banks with the new methods

Effect of different thawing procedures on the quality of bull semen

The objective of this study was to evaluate effect of different thawing procedure to Hypo-Osmotic Swelling Test (HOST), motility and morphology of bull semen. Straw (0.25 ml) frozen semen from 4 Holstein bulls was used in this study. Post-thaw motility, morphology and hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST) were carried out at 37degreesC for 30 sec, 50degreesC for 15 sec and 70degreesC for 5 sec. According to these protocols motility, defected acrosome, other morphological defects, total morphological defects, and swollen tail spermatozoa (HOST) values were 56.6 %, 56.7 %, 59.8 %; 3.7 %, 2.6 1.9 %; 10.7 %, 8.8 %, 5.6 %; 14.4 %, 11.5 %, 7.5 %; 37.1 %, 37.4 39.3 % respectively. Thawing protocol has affected all sperm characteristics (P < 0.05) except HOST. There was a high correlation between HOST values and motility (P < 0.01) but no correlation was observed between HOST and acrosome defects, other morphological defects and total morphological defects

Effects of various cryoprotective agents and extender osmolality on post-thawed ram semen

The influence of different extender osmolality levels and the presence of different cryoprotectants on the post-thawed semen's characteristics and post-thawed plasma membrane integrity of ram spermatozoa were studied. Ram semen was frozen with TRIS-egg yolk based extender according to two-step dilution procedures. The final concentrations of the cryoprotectants: 6% glycerol, 6% 1,2-propanediol, 62.5 mM sucrose, and 62.5 mM trehalose were studied in three different extender B osmolality levels (350, 375, and 400 mOsm). The osmolality affected significantly the post-thawed semen's motility, defected acrosomes (DA), total morphological defect (TMD), along with the sperm's plasma membrane integrity (HOST). Type of cryoprotectant exerted significant effect (P<0.001) on the post-thawed semen's motility, DA, TMD, and HOST. There was a significant interaction between the osmolality and cryoprotectant on the post-thawed motility, DA and TMD, but not on the HOST. In general, post-thawed motility, acrosomal, morphological, and membrane integrity of the semen frozen with semen extender at 400 mOsm were better than those of 350 and 375 mOsm, regardless of the type of cryoprotectant. Glycerol and 1,2-propanediol, compared to sucrose, trehalose, and control groups, did not protect the post-thawed acrosome and morphological integrity, though it did protect motility and HOST. It was concluded that glycerol based extenders with a high osmotic pressure (400 mOsm) was a better choice for ram semen freezing compared to sucrose, trehalose, and cryoprotectant free extenders. The detrimental effect of glycerol on DA and TMD could be overcome by combining glycerol with sugars and by increasing the osmotic pressure of the extender used for semen cryopreservation. Further research on the cryopreservation of ram semen should focus on the extender osmolality and combination of different cryoprotectants