A Broadly Tunable Surface Plasmon-Coupled Wavelength Filter for Visible and Near Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging

Hyperspectral imaging is a set of techniques that has contributed to the study of advanced materials, pharmaceuticals, semiconductors, ceramics, polymers, biological specimens, and geological samples. Its use for remote sensing has advanced our understanding of agriculture, forestry, the Earth, environmental science, and the universe. The development of ultra-compact handheld hyperspectral imagers has been impeded by the scarcity of small widefield tunable wavelength filters. The widefield modality is preferred for handheld imaging applications in which image registration can be performed to counter scene shift caused by irregular user motions that would thwart scanning approaches. In the work presented here an electronically tunable widefield wavelength filter has been developed for hyperspectral imaging applications in the visible and near-infrared region. Conventional electronically tunable widefield imaging filter technologies include liquid crystal-based filters, acousto-optic tunable filters, and electronically tuned etalons; each having its own set of advantages and disadvantages. The construction of tunable filters is often complex and requires elaborate optical assemblies and electronic control circuits. I introduce in the work presented here is a novel widefield tunable filter, the surface plasmon coupled tunable filter (SPCTF), for visible and near infrared imaging. The SPCTF is based on surface plasmon coupling and has simple optical design that can be miniaturized without sacrificing performance. The SPCTF provides diffraction limited spatial resolution with a moderately narrow nominal passband (\u3c10 \u3enm) and a large spurious free spectral range (450 nm-1000 nm). The SPCTF employs surface plasmon coupling of the π-polarized component of incident light in metal films separated by a tunable dielectric layer. Acting on the π-polarized component, the device is limited to transmitting 50 percent of unpolarized incident light. This is higher than the throughput of comparable Lyot-based liquid crystal tunable filters that employ a series of linear polarizers. In addition, the SPCTF is not susceptible to the unwanted harmonic bands that lead to spurious diffraction in Bragg-based devices. Hence its spurious free spectral range covers a broad region from the blue through near infrared wavelengths. The compact design and rugged optical assembly make it suitable for hand-held hyperspectral imagers. The underlying theory and SPCTF design are presented along with a comparison of its performance to calculated estimates of transmittance, spectral resolution, and spectral range. In addition, widefield hyperspectral imaging using the SPCTF is demonstrated on model sample

Biodegradation of hexachlorocyclohexane in sand and wastewater using immobilized phanerochaete chrysosporum

The present study was carried out in order to assess the ability of Phanerochaete chysosporium to degrade lindane (hexachlorocyclohexane) in sand as well as in water. It was found that the fungus is immobilized on saw dust, it is able to degrade lindane in a packed-bed reactor configuration, with a first-order rate constant of 0.00066min-1. The fungus is also able to degrade lindane in sand. As with the packed-bed reactor, a supplemental carbon source (glucose) is required. In this study it was found that a glucose concentration of 20 gm/kg of sand, and 40% w/w moisture content, give the highest rate of degradation, with a first-order rate constant of 0.105 day-1

Radiographic patterns of different aetiologies of community acquired pneumonia in patients presenting to Aga Khan University

Background: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a major cause of significant morbidity and mortality globally. The spectrum of causative organisms of CAP varies markedly with region as well as with the immune status of the patient. Chest radiography remains an important initial imaging modality in the diagnostic work-up of patients with CAP. Although previous studies have highlighted major trends and radiographic patterns of various causative organisms of CAP, there is a paucity of recent literature within Sub-Saharan Africa on these various radiographic patterns. Objective: The primary objective of this study was to identify the association between the radiographic patterns of different etiologies of community-acquired pneumonia in patients admitted to the Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi (AKUHN). Methods: Patients admitted to AKUHN with community-acquired pneumonia between May 2019 and March 2020 were recruited. A total of seventy-seven adults were enrolled in the study. The chest radiographs were reviewed retrospectively by two independent radiologists and the microbiology results were obtained to establish the etiology of pneumonia. Results: A total of 71 out of the 77 chest radiographs had an infiltrate identified of which consolidation and ground glass infiltrates were most commonly identified. There was a significant association between the consolidation pattern of infiltrates and bacterial pneumonia (p \u3c .05) and ground glass opacities and viral pneumonia (p \u3c .05). The overall sensitivity of chest radiography in identifying an abnormality in patients with CAP is high at 93.5%, however, the sensitivity of consolidation for bacterial pneumonia was only 68.2% and the sensitivity for ground glass opacities for viral pneumonia was only 54.8%. Conclusion: Our study found an association between consolidation and ground glass pattern of infiltrates with bacterial and viral etiologic agents respectively. However, the diagnostic capability of chest radiography in predicting the etiologic agent was limited due to the significant overlap of the patterns of infiltrates as well as the presence of more than one infiltrate. It should therefore not be used in isolation for this purpose. Rather, it should be combined with clinical presentation and microbiologic testing to determine the most likely etiology

Scattered Simulteneous and Autonomous Access to Encrypted Database

Put the important data on cloud i.e Cloud provider Storage, It should giving the guarantee of security without loss of data while data in use or not in use. Much of the option are available for providing storage services. We decelop an best architecture which integrates data over the cloud and execute multiple operation simultaneously on Encrypted cloud. We are connecting multiple client those are physically distributed. An another advantage we are eliminating the proxies for best performance .the architecture based on theoretical basis. We are providing the prototype to the different client & Network delay. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.15070

Longitudinal Assessment of Shifting Microbial Community Composition in Sandy Beaches Following the 2010 Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Remediation Efforts

Sandy beaches are geological zones parallel to the shoreline where high energy, open ocean unconsolidated sediments are deposited and reworked. Sandy beaches represent critical ecosystems that support a wide variety of underappreciated biodiversity. Prior to the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, the diversity and function of microbial communities in supratidal beach sediments along the Gulf of Mexico coastlines were not well understood. It was unclear if possible community compositional changes would occur during and following exposure to oil, or what impact the remediation efforts, such as sand washing, would have to the microbial communities and overall beach ecosystems. In this study, sites were chosen in late April and early May 2010 based on NOAA trajectory maps to determine where and when weathered oil would arrive on coastlines. Supratidal to subtidal transects perpendicular to the shoreline were sampled at the public beaches of Grand Isle, LA, and Dauphin Island, AL, over a year, including before the oil came ashore. Microbial diversity was assessed from analyses of 454 pyrosequences 16S rRNA genes, and changes in diversity was statistically analyzed in conjunction with environmental variables including grain size, organic carbon and water content, and pore water pH. Pre-oil samples from both sites provided information about the undisturbed microbial community composition while, post-oil spill samples provided information about changes in community composition impacted by abiotic and biotic factors. Statistical analysis for both sites showed significant shifts in microbial community composition that could be linked to changing sediment grain size and associated environmental variables like organic carbon and water content, and pH; over time, predominately from where remediation efforts were the greatest to clean the beaches after an oil spill were the most extensive, such as from sand washing. This research provides important annual information about changes in microbial community composition from sandy beaches, and demonstrates that remediation efforts to clean beaches after an oil spill may shift microbial community composition from what the earlier diversity might have been. The impact of remediation should be considered for future beach cleanup efforts

Street Light Controller Including Automatic Traffic Light Controller System Implementation on FPGA

— The number of vehicles has greatly expanded over time and is continually growing. Due to traffic congestion, a sizable amount of working hours must be spent on the roads, which has an indirect negative influence on the economy and leads to preventable road accidents that end in fatalities. While metropolitan infrastructures are developing much more slowly, the number of vehicles is rising. We require a system that can successfully manage such a circumstance. A system that can efficiently manage traffic is what we call an automatic traffic control system. Moreover, a system for automatic street lights is built within. This suggested concept tries to automate traffic regulation based on density and a controller for automatic street lights that only come on at night. It detects vehicles by using IR (Infra Red) sensors in every direction. IR sensor modules for traffic lights and an LDR sensor module for streetlights provide the inputs, respectively. Verilog HDL is used to implement the solution, and Xilinx Vivado is used to simulate it. An FPGA has this suggested model pre-programmed (Field Programmable Gate Array)

Modeling of Rainfall-Runoff Correlations Using Artificial Neural Network-A Case Study of Dharoi Watershed of a Sabarmati River Basin, India

The use of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is becoming common due to its ability to analyse complex nonlinear events. An ANN has a flexible, convenient and easy mathematical structure to identify the nonlinear relationships between input and output data sets. This capability could efficiently be employed for the different hydrological models such as rainfall-runoff models, which are inherently nonlinear in nature. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) can be used in cases where the available data is limited. The present work involves the development of an ANN model using Feed-Forward Back Propagation algorithm for establishing monthly and annual rainfall runoff correlations. The hydrologic variables used were monthly and annual rainfall and runoff for monthly and annual time period of monsoon season. The ANN model developed in this study is applied to Dharoi reservoir watersheds of Sabarmati river basin of India. The hydrologic data were available for twenty-nine years at Dharoi station at Dharoi dam project. The model results yielding into the least error is recommended for simulating the rainfall-runoff characteristics of the watersheds. The obtained results can help the water resource managers to operate the reservoir properly in the case of extreme events such as flooding and drought

ANTIFEEDANT EFFECTS OF VITEX NEGUNDO L. LEAF EXTRACTS ON THE STORED PRODUCT PEST, TRIBOLIUM CASTANEUM H. (COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE)

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the nutritional and feeding deterrence indices of Tribolium castaneum adults caused by petroleum ether and methanol extracts of Vitex negundo.Methods: A modified method of flour disc bioassay was carried out to study the antifeedant activities of both the extracts on the stored product pest, T. castaneum. In this bioassay, the insects were allowed to feed on wheat flour treated with various concentrations (1.25%, 2.5% and 5%) of petroleum ether and methanol extracts of V. negundo (VPE and VME) for 24 h in ‘no choice' chambers. The effects of different concentrations of the extracts on relative growth rate and relative consumption rate of T. castaneum and the difference between the activities of two extracts were statistically analysed and compared by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Similarly, the comparison of the activities of VPE and VME, and their dose effects on the efficiency of conversion of ingested food and feeding deterrence indices of the insects were analysed by analysis of variance (ANOVA).Results: VPE and VME significantly affected growth, consumption and utilisation of food, and caused antifeedancy in T. castaneum. It was also found that both the extracts resulted in a slight reduction in growth rate of the insect, compared with that of the control. The reductions in relative growth rate (RGR) (P=0.37) and relative food consumption rate (RCR) (P<0.05) were more prominent for 2.5% and 5% of both the extracts. In nutritional studies, it was found that increase in the concentration (P<0.05) resulted in an increase in the efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) significantly with both the extracts. The RGR, RCR and ECI of the insects were found to be similar with both the extracts. The extracts showed dose-dependent feeding deterrence index (FDI) for this insect (P<0.001). The activity was found to be similar with both the extracts (P=0.07).Conclusion: The present study reveals that both VPE and VME show significant antifeedancy in T. castaneum and thus they can effectively be used for the protection of grains from insects