Conservation Efforts of Asian Wild Water Buffalo

Asian Wild Water Buffalo with the scientific name Bubalus bubalis arnee is recorded as an imperiled species in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN's) Red List of Threatened Species wetland-subordinate. More number Wild Water Buffalo in Nepal are found at the Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve (KTWR), situated on the floodplain of the Koshi River in Province 1. This species is in danger because of a high anthropogenic pressing factor going from natural surroundings weakening to hybridization with homegrown Buffalo. Various preservation and work mediations have been attempted to shield the biodiversity, especially the wild buffalo populace in the KTWR. The people group-based supportable administration approach profiting both protection and work of neighborhood individuals is important to guarantee the drawn-out preservation of the species. But it is not happening, so the Government of Nepal translocated 18 Wild Water Buffaloes to Chitwan National Park, and the environment is not suitable for them. There is the possibility to translocate Wild Water Buffaloes in the Babai flood plain of Bardia National Park for conservation

Conductivity Study of DTAB in Water and Ethanol-Water Mixture in the Presence and Absence of ZnSO4

تمت دراسة السلوك الفيزيائيى و الكيميائي لدوديسيل ثلاثي ميثيل بروميد الأمونيوم (DTAB)في  الماء ومزيج الماء والإيثانول في وجود وغياب كبريتات الزنك  ZnSO4 عن طريق قياس الموصلية عند 298.15 كلفن . تم الحصول على الميل  قبل التركيز الحرج للمايسيل  (S1) و بعده ( (S2  وحسبت درجة التفكك (α) وتركيز الحرج للمايسيل  .(cmc) مع زيادة محتوى الإيثانول وجد cmcو α ل DTAB  تزداد بغياب ، في ZnSO4 بينما تنخفض بوجودها. وباستخدام  cmc   و α تم تقييم الخواص الديناميكية الحرارية كطاقة الحرة القياسية للمايسيل ( ). مع زيادة محتوى الإيثانول ، تنخفض القيم السالبة لـ مما يشير الى انخفاض التلقائية في تكوين المايسيل   وجعلها اقل  ملائمة . تمت مناقشة العلاقة بين الميل  ما قبلالمايسل وما بعدالمايسيلمع نسبة  حجم الإيثانول. تم اختبارتكوين المايسيل  الدوديسيل ثلاثي ميثيل بروميد الأمونيومDTAB من خلال دوال  خاصة للمذيب  ودالة الصفة الكارهة للمذيبThe physicochemical behaviour of dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) in water and ethanol-water mixture in the presence and absence of ZnSO4 were studied by measuring the conductivity at 298.15 K. The pre-micellar (S1) and post-micellar slopes (S2) were obtained and calculated the degree of dissociation (α) and the critical micelle concentration (cmc). With an increase in ethanol content, the cmc and α of DTAB increased whereas, in the presence of ZnSO4, the cmc and α decreased. By using cmc and α, thermodynamic properties as the standard free energy of micellization ( ) were evaluated. With an increase in ethanol content, the negative values of  are decreased indicating less spontaneous in the micellization which makes micellization less favourable. The correlation of the pre-micellar and post-micellar slopes with the volume fraction of ethanol were discussed. DTAB micellization was tested in contexts of specific solvent parameters and solvophobic parameter

Interionic Pair Potential, hard sphere diameter and entropy of mixing of NaCd compound forming binary molten alloys under the framework of Pseudopotential theory

The observed asymmetric behaviour of mixing of  NaCd liquid alloys around equiatomic composition with smaller negative values for free energy of mixing at compound forming concentration, i.e. GMXS = -4.9KJ at Ccd =0.66 has  aroused our interest to undertake a theoretical investigation of this system.A simple statistical mechanical theory based on compound formation model has been used to investigate the energetics of formation of intermetallic compound Cd2Na in the melt through the study of entropy of mixing.Besides, the interionic interactions between component atoms Na and Cd of the alloys have been understood through the study of interionic pair potential фij(r), calculated from pseudopotential theory in the light of CF model.Our study of фij(r) suggest that the effective interaction between Na-Na atoms decreases on alloying with Cd atom, being minimum for compound forming alloy( Cd 0.66 Na 0.34 ).The nearest neighbor distance between Na-Na atoms does not alter on alloying. Like wise Na-Na,  effective interaction between  Cd-Cd atom decreases from pure state to NaCd alloys, being smaller at compound forming  concentration Cd 0.66 Na 0.34.The computed values of SM from pseudopotential theory are positive at all concentrations, but the agreement between theory and experimental is not satisfactory. This might be happening due to parameterisation of σ3 and Ψcompound

Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 9(2008)163-170 Electrical Conductivity of a Semidilute Polyelectrolyte in Mixed Solvent Media

The electrical conductivity of solutions of sodium salt of polystyrenesulfonate in methanol-water mixed solvent media containing 8, 16, 25, and 34 weight per cent of methanol at 308.15, 313.15, 318.15 and 323.15 K was studied earlier. In that report, an attempt was made to interprete the results using the Manning Counterion condensation theory. Unfortunately, a major deviation of the theoretical prediction from the experimental results was noticed and the possible reasons for this discrepancy have been discussed. In this communication, the experimental conductivity have been analyzed on the basis of a new model for semi-dilute polyelectrolyte conductivity which takes into electrical conductivity of semi-dilute solutions of polyelectrolytes without added salt has been recently described by Colby et al.(1997) using the scaling description proposed by Dobrynin et al.(1995) for the configuration of a polyelectrolyte chain in semi-dilute solution. The predictions are found to be compared favorably well with the observed conductivity over the whole range of concentrations investigated

Effects of Concentration, Temperature and Solvent Composition on the Partial Molar Volumes of Sodium Polystyrenesulphonate in Methanol-Water Solvent Media

Precise measurements on the density of sodium polystyrenesulphonate solutions in methanol-water mixed solvent media containing 8, 16, and 25 weight per cent of methanol at 308.15, 318.15, and 323.15 K are reported. The degree of substitution of sodium polystyrenesulphonate used is 1, and the concentrations are varied from 1 ×10-2 to 3.8 ×10-2 monomol.l-1. The results showed a slight increase on the partial molar volumes with increasing polyelectrolyte concentration. The partial 0 molar volumes of the polyelectrolyte at infinite dilution, ( V) were determined. The effects of the temperature and solvent composition on the partial molar volumes are also investigated

UV-vis Investigation of β-Carotene in Presence of AOT/n-Heptane, Cyclohexane, Tetrahydrofuran/Water System

The precise measurements of β-carotene absorbance in presence of AOT/solvent/water systems at 25oC by UV-vis technique are reported. The solvents selected were: n-heptane, cyclohexane, and tetrahydrofuran. The concentrations of AOT [Aerosol-OT (sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate)] were varied from 0.01 to 0.2mol/kg.β-carotene concentration in quvette during UV-vis spectrum registration was not the same in each solvents because of different absorption intensity depending on the solvent. Water concentration in the studied systems was defined by R parameter according to relation: R=[H2O]/[AOT] and was equal 0; 5; 10 both in n-heptane and cyclohexane, and 0; 10 and 20 in tetrahydrofuran. Obtained results showed a noticeable decreasing of β-carotene absorbance as a function of AOT concentration. There is evidenced red shift of β-carotene absorbance depending on the solvent in the following order: tetrahydrofuran >cyclohexane>n-heptane. Presented results show that β-carotene absorbance decreased with water concentration in the system. It had been happened because the water molecules located in the core of micelles make its curvature bigger and the hydrocarbon chains forming palisade layer in AOT reversed micelles get more space. As a consequence β-carotene molecules penetrated this layer dipper comparing to systems without water

Conductivity, Surface Tension, and Comparative Antibacterial Efficacy Study of Different Brands of Soaps of Nepal

The current study aims to evaluate the solution properties and antibacterial efficacy study of five different brands of toilet soaps of Nepal such as Okhati (OKT), Lifebuoy (LFBY), Lux (LX), Liril (LRL), and Chiuree Neem (NM). The evaluation of critical micelle concentration (CMC) and their thermodynamics and surface properties are also reported. This study was further extended to evaluate antibacterial efficacy against three pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Proteus vulgaris (P. vulgaris) by disc diffusion technique, and it was done at four different concentrations of soap. The bioactive ingredients present in them provide antibacterial potency to cure various skin problems caused by bacterial pathogens. Similarly, the antibacterial potency of LFBY was found higher than other soaps. Based on these studies, we can simply take LFBY soap at the highest rank in regards to antibacterial sensitivity

Polyelectrolyte–Dye Interactions: An Overview

Polyelectrolytes are polymers with repeating units of ionizable groups coupled with counterions. Recently, polyelectrolytes have drawn significant attention as highly promising macromolecular materials with potential for applications in almost every sector of our daily lives. Dyes are another class of chemical compounds that can interact with substrates and subsequently impart color through the selective absorption of electromagnetic radiation in the visible range. This overview begins with an introduction to polyelectrolytes and dyes with their respective definitions, classifications (based on origin, molecular architecture, etc.), and applications in diverse fields. Thereafter, it explores the different possible interactions between polyelectrolytes and dyes, which is the main focus of this study. The various mechanisms involved in dye–polyelectrolyte interactions and the factors that influence them are also surveyed. Finally, these discussions are summarized, and their future perspectives are presented

Physicochemical Studies on the Interaction between Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate and Methylene Blue in Methanol-Water Mixed Solvent Media

The surface activity and the process of micellization of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) with methylene blue (MB) in a methanol-water mixed solvent system were investigated by tensiometry and conductometry at 298.15 K. The measurements of surface tension and conductivity of SDS-MB complex were carried up to 0.3 volume fractions of methanol because the resulting complex appeared turbid above 0.3 volume fractions of methanol. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the SDS was determined from both tensiometry and conductometry. The CMC of SDS increased with the increasing volume fraction of methanol due to the inclusion of methanol in the micelles and decreased in the presence of methylene blue due to the reduction of electrostatic repulsion within the anionic moiety of SDS by the positive charge of the added dye. Different properties like surface excess concentration Γmax, minimum surface area Amin, Gibbs free energy of micellization ΔGmo, surface pressure (πCMC), efficiency of a surfactant (pC20), packing parameter P, and standard free energy interfacial adsorption ΔGadso of SDS in the absence/presence of MB were calculated. On the basis of ΔGmo values, it was noticed that the increasing volume fraction of methanol disfavors the micellization of SDS, while the presence of MB increased the efficiency of SDS making the micellization process more spontaneous