Impact of national cancer policies on cancer survival trends and socioeconomic inequalities in England, 1996-2013: population based study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of the NHS Cancer Plan (2000) and subsequent national cancer policy initiatives in improving cancer survival and reducing socioeconomic inequalities in survival in England. DESIGN: Population based cohort study. SETTING: England. POPULATION: More than 3.5 million registered patients aged 15-99 with a diagnosis of one of the 24 most common primary, malignant, invasive neoplasms between 1996 and 2013. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Age standardised net survival estimates by cancer, sex, year, and deprivation group. These estimates were modelled using regression model with splines to explore changes in the cancer survival trends and in the socioeconomic inequalities in survival. RESULTS: One year net survival improved steadily from 1996 for 26 of 41 sex-cancer combinations studied, and only from 2001 or 2006 for four cancers. Trends in survival accelerated after 2006 for five cancers. The deprivation gap observed for all 41 sex-cancer combinations among patients with a diagnosis in 1996 persisted until 2013. However, the gap slightly decreased for six cancers among men for which one year survival was more than 65% in 1996, and for cervical and uterine cancers, for which survival was more than 75% in 1996. The deprivation gap widened notably for brain tumours in men and for lung cancer in women. CONCLUSIONS: Little evidence was found of a direct impact of national cancer strategies on one year survival, and no evidence for a reduction in socioeconomic inequalities in cancer survival. These findings emphasise that socioeconomic inequalities in survival remain a major public health problem for a healthcare system founded on equity

The Impact of Antimicrobial Therapy Duration in the Treatment of Prosthetic Joint Infections Depending on Surgical Strategies: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

The aim of this systematic review was to address the question if short antibiotic treatment (SAT; at least 4 but <12 weeks) versus long antibiotic treatment (LAT) affects outcomes in prosthetic joint infections (PJIs). Database research (Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane) retrieved 3740 articles, of which 10 studies were included in the analysis. Compared to LAT, 11% lower odds of treatment failure in the SAT group were found, although the difference was not statistically significant (pooled odds ratio, 0.89 [95% confidence interval, .53-1.50]). No difference in treatment failure was found between SAT and LAT once stratified by type of surgery, studies conducted in the United States versus Europe, study design, and follow-up. There is still no conclusive evidence that antibiotic treatment of PJIs for 12 weeks or longer is associated with better outcomes, irrespective of the type of surgical procedure. Most recent, high-quality studies tend to favor longer antibiotic courses, making them preferable in most situations

Reflection on modern methods: trial emulation in the presence of immortal-time bias. Assessing the benefit of major surgery for elderly lung cancer patients using observational data.

Acquiring real-world evidence is crucial to support health policy, but observational studies are prone to serious biases. An approach was recently proposed to overcome confounding and immortal-time biases within the emulated trial framework. This tutorial provides a step-by-step description of the design and analysis of emulated trials, as well as R and Stata code, to facilitate its use in practice. The steps consist in: (i) specifying the target trial and inclusion criteria; (ii) cloning patients; (iii) defining censoring and survival times; (iv) estimating the weights to account for informative censoring introduced by design; and (v) analysing these data. These steps are illustrated with observational data to assess the benefit of surgery among 70-89-year-old patients diagnosed with early-stage lung cancer. Because of the severe unbalance of the patient characteristics between treatment arms (surgery yes/no), a naïve Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of the initial cohort severely overestimated the benefit of surgery on 1-year survival (22% difference), as did a survival analysis of the cloned dataset when informative censoring was ignored (17% difference). By contrast, the estimated weights adequately removed the covariate imbalance. The weighted analysis still showed evidence of a benefit, though smaller (11% difference), of surgery among older lung cancer patients on 1-year survival. Complementing the CERBOT tool, this tutorial explains how to proceed to conduct emulated trials using observational data in the presence of immortal-time bias. The strength of this approach is its transparency and its principles that are easily understandable by non-specialists

Colorectal cancer incidence among young adults in England: Trends by anatomical sub-site and deprivation.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer incidence in the UK and other high-income countries has been increasing rapidly among young adults. This is the first analysis of colorectal cancer incidence trends by sub-site and socioeconomic deprivation in young adults in a European country. METHODS: We examined age-specific national trends in colorectal cancer incidence among all adults (20-99 years) diagnosed during 1971-2014, using Joinpoint regression to analyse data from the population-based cancer registry for England. We fitted a generalised linear model to the incidence rates, with a maximum of two knots. We present the annual percentage change in incidence rates in up to three successive calendar periods, by sex, age, deprivation and anatomical sub-site. RESULTS: Annual incidence rates among the youngest adults (20-39 years) fell slightly between 1971 and the early 1990s, but increased rapidly from then onwards. Incidence Rates (IR) among adults 20-29 years rose from 0.8 per 100,000 in 1993 to 2.8 per 100,000 in 2014, an average annual increase of 8%. An annual increase of 8.1% was observed for adults aged 30-39 years during 2005-2014. Among the two youngest age groups (20-39 years), the average annual increase for the right colon was 5.2% between 1991 and 2010, rising to 19.4% per year between 2010 (IR = 1.2) and 2014 (IR = 2.5). The large increase in incidence rates for cancers of the right colon since 2010 were more marked among the most affluent young adults. Smaller but substantial increases were observed for cancers of the left colon and rectum. Incidence rates in those aged 50 years and older remained stable or decreased over the same periods. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the overall stabilising trend of colorectal cancer incidence in England, incidence rates have increased rapidly among young adults (aged 20-39 years). Changes in the prevalence of obesity and other risk factors may have affected the young population but more research is needed on the cause of the observed birth cohort effect. Extension of mass screening may not be justifiable due to the low number of newly diagnosed cases but clinicians should be alert to this trend

Functional forms of socio-territorial inequities in breast cancer screening - A French cross-sectional study using hierarchical generalised additive models

To reduce the breast cancer burden, the French National Organised Breast Cancer Screening Programme (FNOBCSP) was implemented in 2004. The recommended participation rate has never been achieved and socio-territorial inequities in participation have been reported on several occasions. We investigated the functional forms and consistency of the relationships between neighbourhood deprivation, travel time to the nearest accredited radiology centre and screening uptake. We used two-level hierarchical generalised additive models in 8 types of territories classified by socio-demographic and economic factors. The first level was 368,201 women aged 50-72 invited to the 2013-2014 screening campaign in metropolitan France. They were nested in 41 départements, the level of organisation of the FNOBCSP. The effect of travel time showed two main patterns: it was either linear (with participation decreasing as travel time increased) or participation first increased with increasing travel time to a peak around 5-15 min and decreased afterward. In nearly all types and départements, the probability of participation decreased linearly with increasing deprivation. Territorial inequities in participation were more context-dependent and complex than social inequities. Inequities in participation represent a loss of opportunity for individuals who already have the worst cancer outcomes. Evidence-based public health policies are needed to increase the effectiveness and equity of breast cancer screening

The Impact of Antimicrobial Therapy Duration in the Treatment of Prosthetic Joint Infections Depending on Surgical Strategies: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

The aim of this systematic review was to address the question if short antibiotic treatment (SAT; at least 4 but <12 weeks) versus long antibiotic treatment (LAT) affects outcomes in prosthetic joint infections (PJIs). Database research (Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane) retrieved 3740 articles, of which 10 studies were included in the analysis. Compared to LAT, 11% lower odds of treatment failure in the SAT group were found, although the difference was not statistically significant (pooled odds ratio, 0.89 [95% confidence interval, .53-1.50]). No difference in treatment failure was found between SAT and LAT once stratified by type of surgery, studies conducted in the United States versus Europe, study design, and follow-up. There is still no conclusive evidence that antibiotic treatment of PJIs for 12 weeks or longer is associated with better outcomes, irrespective of the type of surgical procedure. Most recent, high-quality studies tend to favor longer antibiotic courses, making them preferable in most situations

Pancreatic cancer incidence and survival and the role of specialist centres in resection rates in England, 2000 to 2014: A population-based study.

BACKGROUND: The aim was to compare population-based survival for exocrine pancreatic cancer in England in the 23 regions covered by specialist centres. The centres were initiated in 2001, covering populations of 2-4 million. METHODS: We examined incidence for adults diagnosed with a pancreatic exocrine cancer during 1995-2014 and age-standardised net survival up to five years after diagnosis for patients diagnosed during 2000-2013. We examined variation in regional resection rates and survival for patients diagnosed during 2010-2013. The data were extracted from the National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service. RESULTS: Age-standardised annual incidence rates of exocrine pancreatic cancer increased from 17.1 per 100,000 during 1995-1999 to 18.7 during 2010-2014. Age-standardised one-year and five-year net survival increased from 17.9% and 3.6%, respectively, for 2000-2009, to 21.6% and 4.2% during 2010-2013. There were 2086 (8.9%) resections among 23,415 patients diagnosed with an exocrine tumour in 2010-2013. The proportion ranged from 5.1% to 19.6% between centres. Among resected patients, survival was 73.0% at one year and 20.2% at five years. Of the total 2118 resected patients, 18 (0.9%) were at stage 1; 34 (1.6%) at stage 2; 791 (37.3%) at stage 3 and 140 (6.6%) at stage 4, although 53.6% of stage information was missing. Five-year survival was 2.1% for those who were not resected. The number of resections performed in each centre was not correlated with one-year survival. CONCLUSIONS: Despite improvements in the management of pancreatic cancer in England with the introduction of specialist centres, resection rates remain relatively low, and survival remains lower than in comparably wealthy countries

Association between age, deprivation and specific comorbid conditions and the receipt of major surgery in patients with non-small cell lung cancer in England: A population-based study.

INTRODUCTION: We investigated socioeconomic disparities and the role of the main prognostic factors in receiving major surgical treatment in patients with lung cancer in England. METHODS: Our study comprised 31 351 patients diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer in England in 2012. Data from the national population-based cancer registry were linked to Hospital Episode Statistics and National Lung Cancer Audit data to obtain information on stage, performance status and comorbidities, and to identify patients receiving major surgical treatment. To describe the association between prognostic factors and surgery, we performed two different analyses: one using multivariable logistic regression and one estimating cause-specific hazards for death and surgery. In both analyses, we used multiple imputation to deal with missing data. RESULTS: We showed strong evidence that the comorbidities 'congestive heart failure', 'cerebrovascular disease' and 'chronic obstructive pulmonary disease' reduced the receipt of surgery in early stage patients. We also observed gender differences and substantial age differences in the receipt of surgery. Despite accounting for sex, age at diagnosis, comorbidities, stage at diagnosis, performance status and indication of having had a PET-CT scan, the socioeconomic differences persisted in both analyses: more deprived people had lower odds and lower rates of receiving surgery in early stage lung cancer. DISCUSSION: Comorbidities play an important role in whether patients undergo surgery, but do not completely explain the socioeconomic difference observed in early stage patients. Future work investigating access to and distance from specialist hospitals, as well as patient perceptions and patient choice in receiving surgery, could help disentangle these persistent socioeconomic inequalities

Socio-economic inequalities in cancer survival: how do they translate into Number of Life-Years Lost?

BACKGROUND: We aimed to investigate the impact of socio-economic inequalities in cancer survival in England on the Number of Life-Years Lost (NLYL) due to cancer. METHODS: We analysed 1.2 million patients diagnosed with one of the 23 most common cancers (92.3% of all incident cancers in England) between 2010 and 2014. Socio-economic deprivation of patients was based on the income domain of the English Index of Deprivation. We estimated the NLYL due to cancer within 3 years since diagnosis for each cancer and stratified by sex, age and deprivation, using a non-parametric approach. The relative survival framework enables us to disentangle death from cancer and death from other causes without the information on the cause of death. RESULTS: The largest socio-economic inequalities were seen mostly in adults <45 years with poor-prognosis cancers. In this age group, the most deprived patients with lung, pancreatic and oesophageal cancer lost up to 6 additional months within 3 years since diagnosis than the least deprived. For most moderate/good prognosis cancers, the socio-economic inequalities widened with age. CONCLUSIONS: More deprived patients and particularly the young with more lethal cancers, lose systematically more life-years than the less deprived. To reduce these inequalities, cancer policies should systematically encompass the inequities component