74 research outputs found
Eléments de réflexion sur l'utilisation de corpus pour la construction d'ontologies
National audienceL'Ingénierie des Connaissances (IC) est née d'une inter-disciplinarité alliant informatique, intelligence artificielle, psychologie cognitive, ergonomie et sciences de gestion. Aujourd'hui, il semblerait que l'IC soit plus orientée vers la dimension technologique, notamment de par les problÚmes d'hétérogénéité et de quan-tité massive de données qu'elle doit gérer. Un petit retour aux sources, vers les Sciences Humaines et Sociales, ne serait pas préjudiciable. De nos jours, il est communément fait appel aux corpus de textes pour la construction d'ontologies de domaine, corpus essentiellement considérés comme des ensembles de termes plus ou moins structurés. Or un texte est avant tout un acte de communication, un outil de transmission d'un message de la part d'un émetteur doté d'une intention à destination d'un récepteur. Nous proposons dans cet article quelques éléments de réflexions à prendre en compte pour la constitution du corpus et l'extraction de termes en nous fondons notamment sur l'analyse de contenu utilisé en psychologie
Why Medical Informatics (still) Needs Cognitive and Social Sciences.
International audienceOBJECTIVES: To summarize current excellent medical informatics research in the field of human factors and organizational issues. METHODS: Using PubMed, a total of 3,024 papers were selected from 17 journals. The papers were evaluated on the basis of their title, keywords, and abstract, using several exclusion and inclusion criteria. 15 preselected papers were carefully evaluated by six referees using a standard evaluation grid. RESULTS: Six best papers were selected exemplifying the central role cognitive and social sciences can play in medical informatics research. Among other contributions, those studies: (i) make use of the distributed cognition paradigm to model and understand clinical care situations; (ii) take into account organizational issues to analyse the impact of HIT on information exchange and coordination processes; (iii) illustrate how models and empirical data from cognitive psychology can be used in medical informatics; and (iv) highlight the need of qualitative studies to analyze the unexpected side effects of HIT on cognitive and work processes. CONCLUSION: The selected papers demonstrate that paradigms, methodologies, models, and results from cognitive and social sciences can help to bridge the gap between HIT and end users, and contribute to limit adoption failures that are reported regularly
SemioSem et ProxSem : mesures sémiotiques de similarité et de proximité conceptuelles
International audienceCet article présente deux nouvelles mesures de similarité et proximité entre concepts d'une ontologie, qui ont pour originalité, d'une part, de bien distinguer ces deux notions et, d'autre part, de tirer parti des trois composantes sémiotiques des concepts : intension, extension et expression. Les calculs de proximité et de similarité reposent donc sur les propriétés des concepts, sur leurs instances et sur leurs termes. Des ressources additionnelles à l'ontologie sont également utilisées, en particulier un corpus de textes. La mesure SEMIOSEM évalue la similarité entre deux concepts, c'est-à -dire leur analogie, en s'appuyant sur la comparaison entre leurs prototypes et sur le fait qu'ils partagent des instances communes et des termes communs. La mesure PROXIMA évalue la proximité entre deux concepts, c'est-à -dire le fait qu'ils soient cognitivement liés, en mesurant la densité des propriétés qui les relient, et l'apparition conjointe dans un corpus de textes des termes désignant ces concepts ou leurs instances. Nous présentons également les premiers tests réalisés qui permettent de comparer nos mesures avec les mesures de similarité existantes et de comparer SEMIOSEM et PROXIMA entre elles
LOVMI : vers une méthode interactive pour la validation d'ontologies
International audienceLes mĂ©thodes de construction d'ontologies se sont fortement dĂ©veloppĂ©es au travers du traitement automatique du langage et de l'intĂ©rĂȘt croissant aux corpus de donnĂ©es volumineux, engendrant un effacement progressif des acteurs du domaine au profit du traitement des donnĂ©es du domaine. Cependant, quelle que soit la ressource utilisĂ©e, la validation des ontologies demeure une question centrale de l'ingĂ©nierie des connaissances. Elle s'articule autour de deux problĂ©matiques complĂ©mentaires : (1) la validation structurelle et (2) la validation sĂ©mantique (de l'adĂ©quation au domaine modĂ©lisĂ©). Dans le premier cas, de nombreuses mĂ©thodes ont vu le jour offrant des supports rĂ©alisant automatiquement les tĂąches de validation. A contrario, les mĂ©thodes pour la recherche du second cas sont encore peu nombreuses. Nous proposons dans cet article la mĂ©thode LOVMI, mise en oeuvre pour la validation structurelle et sĂ©mantique du module « facteurs sociaux et environnementaux des maladies psychiatriques » de notre ontologie ONTOPSYCHIA. Mots-clĂ©s : Ontologies, validation d'ontologies, Ă©valuation d'ontologies, psychiatrie, facteurs sociaux et envi-ronnementaux
Participation of the Cell Polarity Protein PALS1 to T-Cell Receptor-Mediated NF-ÎșB Activation
BACKGROUND: Beside their established function in shaping cell architecture, some cell polarity proteins were proposed to participate to lymphocyte migration, homing, scanning, as well as activation following antigen receptor stimulation. Although PALS1 is a central component of the cell polarity network, its expression and function in lymphocytes remains unknown. Here we investigated whether PALS1 is present in T cells and whether it contributes to T Cell-Receptor (TCR)-mediated activation. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: By combining RT-PCR and immunoblot assays, we found that PALS1 is constitutively expressed in human T lymphocytes as well as in Jurkat T cells. siRNA-based knockdown of PALS1 hampered TCR-induced activation and optimal proliferation of lymphocyte. We further provide evidence that PALS1 depletion selectively hindered TCR-driven activation of the transcription factor NF-ÎșB. CONCLUSIONS: The cell polarity protein PALS1 is expressed in T lymphocytes and participates to the optimal activation of NF-ÎșB following TCR stimulation
Outcomes from elective colorectal cancer surgery during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic
This study aimed to describe the change in surgical practice and the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on mortality after surgical resection of colorectal cancer during the initial phases of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic
Socializing One Health: an innovative strategy to investigate social and behavioral risks of emerging viral threats
In an effort to strengthen global capacity to prevent, detect, and control infectious diseases in animals and people, the United States Agency for International Developmentâs (USAID) Emerging Pandemic Threats (EPT) PREDICT project funded development of regional, national, and local One Health capacities for early disease detection, rapid response, disease control, and risk reduction. From the outset, the EPT approach was inclusive of social science research methods designed to understand the contexts and behaviors of communities living and working at human-animal-environment interfaces considered high-risk for virus emergence. Using qualitative and quantitative approaches, PREDICT behavioral research aimed to identify and assess a range of socio-cultural behaviors that could be influential in zoonotic disease emergence, amplification, and transmission. This broad approach to behavioral risk characterization enabled us to identify and characterize human activities that could be linked to the transmission dynamics of new and emerging viruses. This paper provides a discussion of implementation of a social science approach within a zoonotic surveillance framework. We conducted in-depth ethnographic interviews and focus groups to better understand the individual- and community-level knowledge, attitudes, and practices that potentially put participants at risk for zoonotic disease transmission from the animals they live and work with, across 6 interface domains. When we asked highly-exposed individuals (ie. bushmeat hunters, wildlife or guano farmers) about the risk they perceived in their occupational activities, most did not perceive it to be risky, whether because it was normalized by years (or generations) of doing such an activity, or due to lack of information about potential risks. Integrating the social sciences allows investigations of the specific human activities that are hypothesized to drive disease emergence, amplification, and transmission, in order to better substantiate behavioral disease drivers, along with the social dimensions of infection and transmission dynamics. Understanding these dynamics is critical to achieving health security--the protection from threats to health-- which requires investments in both collective and individual health security. Involving behavioral sciences into zoonotic disease surveillance allowed us to push toward fuller community integration and engagement and toward dialogue and implementation of recommendations for disease prevention and improved health security
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