Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Kazakhstan: evidence from a national cross-sectional study

Abstract To date, there have been no large-scale national studies of the prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Kazakhstan. It includes the research based on the analysis of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The aim of this study was to investigate the population prevalence of CKD and associated risk factors in Kazakhstan. The cross-sectional study consisted of a nationally representative sample of n = 6 720 adults aged 18 to 69 from 14 regions and 3 major cities in Kazakhstan. The study covered the period from October 2021 to May 2022. The WHO STEPS questionnaire was used for the survey. For the diagnosis of CKD, creatinine levels in collected blood samples were measured to assess eGFR. Demographic characteristics were collected and studied. The total and adjusted prevalence of factors associated with the presence of CKD were calculated and analysed using logistic regression. 73.5% (n = 4940) of participants had normal eGFR, while 25.2% (n = 1695) had mild CKD (eGFR = 60–89 mL/min/1.7 m2). The overall prevalence of CKD with eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.7 m2 was 1.3% (n = 85), of which 0.2% (n = 15) had eGFR < 45 ml/min/1.7 m2. A mild degree of CKD was most often determined in residents of the East Kazakhstan region in 10.4%, and in 7.8–8.0% of cases. The majority of CKD patients was detected in the East Kazakhstan region and Almaty city, 15.3% and 10.6% of cases respectively. In mild and CKD with GFR < 60 ml/min/1.7 m2, the age of participants was 50–69 years in 61.5% and 78.8% of cases, respectively (p < 0.001). In addition to the association with the place of residence, a statistically significant relationship was found between the risk of developing CKD and underweight (OR 1.43, 95% CI (1.09–1.88), p < 0.001), as well as the presence of obesity (OR 1.24, 95% CI (0.99–1.53), p = 0.04). We observed the prevalence of CKD with eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.7 m2 at the level of 1.3%. However, a fairly large part of study participants had a mild CKD (25.2%). The results of this study can be used for the optimization of the doctors workload and the timely provision of care to patients with CKD

Issues of Type 2 Diabetes Disease Effective Treatment in Kazakhstan

In his address to the people, the First President of our country, emphasized the need to introduce innovative methods of treating socially significant diseases. Among these diseases, diabetes holds a special position. More than 14,000 new cases of diabetes mellitus are officially detected annually in Kazakhstan.The real picture of the disease is difficult to compare with these data. This review discusses the prevalence of type 2 diabetes among the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and the causing factors such as age, race, genetic predisposition (OR = 3), obesity, glucose level and total cholesterol etc.It was found that the main complications and concomitant diseases of diabetes in residents of different regions are polyneuropathy - 22.4%, diabetic retinopathy - 14%, diabetic foot syndrome - 13.6%, arterial hypertension - 13.6% and coronary heart disease (CHD) - 14.4%. Only 1.8% of the population is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, latent manifestations of type 2 diabetes mellitus, one in four people in Kazakhstan can be sick, 38% of adults aged 20-79 suffer from prediabetes, and 8.2% with diabetes. It is believed that by 2030 in Kazakhstan, there may be about a million patients with diabetes.Diabetes mellitus, in accordance with the Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On the health of the people and the health care system” belongs to the category of socially significant diseases.Therefore, the study of type 2 diabetes is one of the urgent problems of the public health in Kazakhstan