914 research outputs found
Sliding Mode Attitude Maneuver Control for Rigid Spacecraft without Unwinding
In this paper, attitude maneuver control without unwinding phenomenon is
investigated for rigid spacecraft. First, a novel switching function is
constructed by a hyperbolic sine function. It is shown that the spacecraft
system possesses the unwinding-free performance when the system states are on
the sliding surface. Based on the designed switching function, a sliding mode
controller is developed to ensure the robustness of the attitude maneuver
control system. Another essential feature of the presented attitude control law
is that a dynamic parameter is introduced to guarantee the unwinding-free
performance when the system states are outside the sliding surface. The
simulation results demonstrate that the unwinding phenomenon is avoided during
the attitude maneuver of a rigid spacecraft by adopting the constructed
switching function and the proposed attitude control scheme.Comment: 8 Pages, 8 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with
arXiv:2004.0700
Anti-Unwinding Sliding Mode Attitude Maneuver Control for Rigid Spacecraft
In this paper, anti-unwinding attitude maneuver control for rigid spacecraft
is considered. First, in order to avoid the unwinding phenomenon when the
system states are restricted to the switching surface, a novel switching
function is constructed by hyperbolic sine functions such that the switching
surface contains two equilibriums. Then, a sliding mode attitude maneuver
controller is designed based on the constructed switching function to ensure
the robustness of the closed-loop attitude maneuver control system to
disturbance. Another important feature of the developed attitude control law is
that a dynamic parameter is introduced to guarantee the anti-unwinding
performance before the system states reach the switching surface. The
simulation results demonstrate that the unwinding problem is settled during
attitude maneuver for rigid spacecraft by adopting the newly constructed
switching function and proposed attitude control scheme.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figure
Di-μ-chlorido-bis(chlorido{2,2′-[3-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-3-azapentane-1,5-diyl]diphthalimide}copper(II))
The centrosymmetric dinuclear CuII complex, [Cu2Cl4(C24H21N5O4)2], was synthesized by the reaction of CuCl2·2H2O with the tripodal ligand 2,2′-[3-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-3-azapentane-1,5-diyl]diphthalimide (L). Each of the CuII ions is coordinated by two N atoms from the ligand, two bridging Cl atoms and one terminal Cl atom. The CuII coordination can be best be described as a transition state between four- and five-coordination, since one of the bridging Cl atoms has a much longer Cu—Cl bond distance [2.7069 (13) Å] than the other [2.2630 (12) Å]. In addition, the Cu⋯Cu distance is 3.622 (1) Å. The three-dimensional structrure is generated by N—H⋯O, C—H⋯O and C—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds and π–π interactions [centroid–centroid distances = 3.658 (4) and 4.020 (4) Å]
The Apical Targeting Signal of the P2Y 2 Receptor Is Located in Its First Extracellular Loop
P2Y2 and P2Y4 receptors, which have 52% sequence identity, are both expressed at the apical membrane of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, but the locations of their apical targeting signals are distinctly different. The targeting signal of the P2Y2 receptor is located between the N terminus and 7TM, whereas that of the P2Y4 receptor is present in its C-terminal tail. To identify the apical targeting signal in the P2Y2 receptor, regions of the P2Y2 receptor were progressively substituted with the corresponding regions of the P2Y4 receptor lacking its targeting signal. Characterization of these chimeras and subsequent mutational analysis revealed that four amino acids (Arg95, Gly96, Asp97, and Leu108) in the first extracellular loop play a major role in apical targeting of the P2Y2 receptor. Mutation of RGD to RGE had no effect on P2Y2 receptor targeting, indicating that receptor-integrin interactions are not involved in apical targeting. P2Y2 receptor mutants were localized in a similar manner in Caco-2 colon epithelial cells. This is the first identification of an extracellular protein-based targeting signal in a seven-transmembrane receptor
SAILER: Structure-aware Pre-trained Language Model for Legal Case Retrieval
Legal case retrieval, which aims to find relevant cases for a query case,
plays a core role in the intelligent legal system. Despite the success that
pre-training has achieved in ad-hoc retrieval tasks, effective pre-training
strategies for legal case retrieval remain to be explored. Compared with
general documents, legal case documents are typically long text sequences with
intrinsic logical structures. However, most existing language models have
difficulty understanding the long-distance dependencies between different
structures. Moreover, in contrast to the general retrieval, the relevance in
the legal domain is sensitive to key legal elements. Even subtle differences in
key legal elements can significantly affect the judgement of relevance.
However, existing pre-trained language models designed for general purposes
have not been equipped to handle legal elements.
To address these issues, in this paper, we propose SAILER, a new
Structure-Aware pre-traIned language model for LEgal case Retrieval. It is
highlighted in the following three aspects: (1) SAILER fully utilizes the
structural information contained in legal case documents and pays more
attention to key legal elements, similar to how legal experts browse legal case
documents. (2) SAILER employs an asymmetric encoder-decoder architecture to
integrate several different pre-training objectives. In this way, rich semantic
information across tasks is encoded into dense vectors. (3) SAILER has powerful
discriminative ability, even without any legal annotation data. It can
distinguish legal cases with different charges accurately. Extensive
experiments over publicly available legal benchmarks demonstrate that our
approach can significantly outperform previous state-of-the-art methods in
legal case retrieval.Comment: 10 pages, accepted by SIGIR 202
Agonist Versus Antagonist Action of ATP at the P2Y 4 Receptor Is Determined by the Second Extracellular Loop
UTP is a potent full agonist at both the human P2Y4 (hP2Y4) and rat P2Y4 (rP2Y4) receptor. In contrast, ATP is a potent full agonist at the rP2Y4 receptor but is a similarly potent competitive antagonist at the hP2Y4 receptor. To delineate the structural determinants of agonism versus antagonism in these species homologues, we expressed a series of human/rat P2Y4 receptor chimeras in 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells and assessed the capacity of ATP and UTP to mobilize intra-cellular Ca2+. Replacement of the NH2 terminus of the hP2Y4 receptor with the corresponding region of the rP2Y4 receptor resulted in a receptor that was activated weakly by ATP, whereas replacement of the second extracellular loop (EL2) of the hP2Y4 receptor with that of the rP2Y4 receptor yielded a chimeric receptor that was activated fully by UTP and near fully by ATP, albeit with lower potencies than those observed at the rP2Y4 receptor. These potencies were increased, and ATP was converted to a full agonist by replacing both the NH2 terminus and EL2 in the hP2Y4 receptor with the corresponding regions from the rP2Y4 receptor. Mutational analysis of the five divergent amino acids in EL2 between the two receptors revealed that three amino acids, Asn-177, Ile-183, and Leu-190, contribute to the capacity of EL2 to impart ATP agonism. Taken together, these results suggest that the second extracellular loop and the NH2 terminus form a functional motif that plays a key role in determining whether ATP functions as an agonist or antagonist at mammalian P2Y4 receptors
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