Knowledge Diffusion, Supplier's Technological Effort and Technology Transfer via Vertical Relationships

This paper studies the effect of knowledge diffusion on the incentives for developed countries(DC)' firms to undertake costly technology transfer to their developing countries(LDC)' suppliers whose cost of production varies inversely with their technological effort. When the incumbent supplier's cost of improving efficiency is high, upstream (or, respectively, downstream) diffusion of knowledge to potential input (final output) producers encourages (discourages) technology transfer as it increases upstream (downstream) competition. However, and in sharp contrast to existing literature, when technological effort is less costly, upstream (downstream) knowledge diffusion discourages (encourages) technology transfer by reducing (increasing) the incumbent supplier's technological effort.technology transfer; technological effort; developing countries; knowledge diffusion; buyer-supplier

Learning by Doing, Trade in Capital Goods and Growth

The paper aims at reconciling theoretical models of endogenous growth with the empirical evidence on trade and growth. In particular, we show that the conventional wisdom according to which trade is growth-impairing for a country with comparative advantage in goods with limited opportunities for learning fails to hold when the imported good is a capital good. The intuition is that the country gains access to cheaper capital goods, which raises investment, output per worker and learning by doing.trade; capital goods; growth

Should small countries fear deindustrialization ?

Will small countries deindustrialize when opening up to trade with large countries? Davis(1998) shows that for the home market e¤ect to lead to deindustrialization of small countries, trade costs for homogenous goods must be su¢ ciently smaller than trade costs in di¤erentiated goods, a condition which is not supported by empirical evidence. We show that if di¤erentiated goods production uses tradeable inputs small countries can become deindustrialized when trading with a su¢ ciently large country and if trade costs are low.home market e¤ect; deindustrialization; trade costs; economic geography; intermediate goods

International Vertical Specialization, Imperfect Competition and Welfare

This paper looks at the impact of international vertical specialization when the final good industry is imperfectly competitive. Final goods are assembled out of different fragments. In the absence of international vertical specialization all fragments required to produce a given final good must be produced in the same country. International vertical specialization unambiguously reduces the costs of production of all final good producers, albeit not necessarily in the same proportion. If the cost of production of a less efficient producer is reduced to a lesser extent than that of a more efficient producer, vertical specialization may lead to exit in the final good industry. This anti-competitive effect may be strong enough that international vertical specialization leads to a Pareto inferior outcome. On the other hand, we can characterize two sets of policies, which, combined with vertical specialization, are Pareto improving compared to autarky regardless of consumer preferences and of the form of competition in the final good industry.fragmentation; vertical specialization; imperfect competition; welfare; anti-competitive effect of trade

Financing decisions of firms and central bank policy

This paper aims to explain the sharp rise in unhedged foreign borrowing by South East Asian corporations in the few years prior to the crisis despite remarkably little change in fundamentals. The crucial element of our story is the strategic interaction between firms and the central bank, which gives rise to multiple equilibria: when firms use foreign borrowing, they raise the cost of devaluation to the central bank, which in turn makes foreign borrowing more attractive. Consequently, a small shock to fundamentals may have a large and permanent effect on the equilibrium composition of firms' borrowing.foreign borrowing; Asian crisis

Free trade and protection of intellectual property rights : can we have one without the other?

This paper is concerned with the interaction between trade policies and the protection of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs). In particular, it investigates the welfare implications of an international agreement on one or both policy instruments. The main insights are first, that both sets of policies are substitutes and second, that they are affected by the same Prisoner's Dilemma problem. As a consequence, an agreement in both policy instruments is needed to achieve any positive welfare gains, which supports the long standing claim of policy makers from developed countries that protection of IPRs should be included in multilateral trade agreements.trade policy; intellectual property rights

sEMG FEATURE EXTRACTION USING HYBRID TECHNIQUES FOR POWER X.A

This research is about the surface Electromyography (sEMG) feature extraction using hybrid method for Powered Exoskeleton Arm (Power X.A) application. The main objective of this research is to investigate the feature extraction techniques for EMG signal processing. This report is divided into 5 chapters. The first chapter is about the introduction, the second chapter is on the literature review and theory of this research, the third chapter is on the methodology used in this project, the fourth chapter is the discussion of the results and the final chapter is the conclusion and recommendation of this research. EMG is the biomedical signal and widely in used in clinical applications. This research can be divided into 3 parts where the 1st part is on the design on the experimental procedure, the 2nd part is on the signal acquisition and the 3rd part is on the feature extraction based on hybrid techniques. The raw EMG signal was collected from different test subjects and further processed in MATLAB to obtain the clean EMG signal. The most powerful EMG feature extraction which is wavelet techniques and mean absolute value was used for this research. The result shows that Daubechies wavelet order 7 in level 1 and 2 gives the best performance in EMG feature extraction

A Review of Network Models for Internet of Vehicles

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sEMG FEATURE EXTRACTION USING HYBRID TECHNIQUES FOR POWER X.A

This research is about the surface Electromyography (sEMG) feature extraction using hybrid method for Powered Exoskeleton Arm (Power X.A) application. The main objective of this research is to investigate the feature extraction techniques for EMG signal processing. This report is divided into 5 chapters. The first chapter is about the introduction, the second chapter is on the literature review and theory of this research, the third chapter is on the methodology used in this project, the fourth chapter is the discussion of the results and the final chapter is the conclusion and recommendation of this research. EMG is the biomedical signal and widely in used in clinical applications. This research can be divided into 3 parts where the 1st part is on the design on the experimental procedure, the 2nd part is on the signal acquisition and the 3rd part is on the feature extraction based on hybrid techniques. The raw EMG signal was collected from different test subjects and further processed in MATLAB to obtain the clean EMG signal. The most powerful EMG feature extraction which is wavelet techniques and mean absolute value was used for this research. The result shows that Daubechies wavelet order 7 in level 1 and 2 gives the best performance in EMG feature extraction