The architecture of the middle ear in the small Indian mongoose (Herpestes Javanicus)

The small Indian mongoose (Herpestes javanicus) is native to the Middle East, Iran and much of southern Asia. For this study the middle ears of a total of 6 adult small Indian mongooses, both fresh and museum samples were explored by using of dissection and plain radiography. On the one hand, at least in some species of the mongoose vocalisations and hearings play a critical role in coordinating behaviours. On the other hand, the ear region has provided useful character relevant for mammalian phylogeny. So, the aim of the present study is a brief discussion of the various anatomic particularities of the middle ear based on a combination of existing data and the results of the authors’ study in the small Indian mongoose

Ultrasonographic evaluation of normal scapula in the horse

Scapular fracture is rare in horse, but if happen can cause severe lameness. Due to overlapping of the contralateral scapula and thorax on the scapula, usually radiography is not helpful in its evaluation except in small amount of distal part. This study was intended to document the normal ultrasono-graphic appearance of the equine scapula. Right forelimbs of six horses were used. To facilitate image understanding, a zoning system was developed. Ultrasonography was performed using a 5–11 MHz linear array transducer. Ultrasonographic anatomy of scapula in different parts and planes was imaged and documented. This diagnostic imaging technique revealed a high potential in evaluating scapular surface and possible regional injuries. Ultrasonography could be considered an important addition to radiography in diagnosing fractures in the scapular region